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Paper Abstract: Overview of this type of learning system. Effectiveness compared with classroom-based education. Paper Introduction: Long distance university learning is touted by many as the coming thing. Different forms of long distance learning have been in use for decades, including the use of television broadcasts, videotapes, telephony, radio broadcasts, and now the computer and the Internet as ways of connecting teacher and student over a distance. Such services can be in real time, as when a lecturer is transmitted by closed-circuit television to distant sites, or on-demand, as when a lecture is placed on the Internet to be accessed at the convenience of the student. The trend toward this type of learning system is growing because of the convenience and a reduction in expenses, but at the same time, critics point out that there is also a loss to the student in not having the classroom experience and the direct contact of the face-to-face system of a traditional classroom. Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. http://www.otan.dni.us/cdlp/distance/reseffective.html. It has further been found that achievement onvarious tests administered by course instructors tends to be higher fordistant as opposed to traditional students, though no significantdifference in positive attitudes toward course material is apparent betweendistant and traditional education. Critics note, however, that what seems always to be missing indistance education is the student-teacher/student-student interactions andcommunications, and Barnes and Lowery (1998) cite the program at GramblingState University. http://www.ed.gov/offices/OPE/AgenProj/ report/theme4b.html. Site-Based University," 2 ). M Possessing a more serious attitude toward the courses. "Miscast canons? From the first, concerns have been raised that such alternativedelivery systems may not be as effective as the traditional classroom-basededucation and that students may be short-changed. Fryer, B. Different forms of long distance learning have been in use fordecades, including the use of television broadcasts, videotapes, telephony,radio broadcasts, and now the computer and the Internet as ways ofconnecting teacher and student over a distance. Department ofEducation. Oneviewer response keypad costs over $2 , and keypads do not operate inisolation but are connected to a remote site controller which communicateswith a host system (Barnes & Lowery, 1998). A series of evaluationstudies was conducted by Ohio State University and the University ofWisconsin as early as 1931 to demonstrate the effectiveness of radio inlearning, and radio was very popular in this regard. Since the mid-198 's, attentionhas shifted to the use of computer networks for teaching and learning, andeducators have gained a powerful new media (Distance-Educator.com, 2 ). M Employment in a field where career advances can be readily achieved by means of academic upgrading in a distance education environment. Corporate Americafound benefits such as enhanced learning, systematic evaluation andvalidation of courses and instructors, and real-time tabulation of viewerresponses, all of which enabled the instructor to better pace theinstructional delivery. The future ofuniversities in an era of flexible specialization." Telos, 15-31. "Is distance education effective?" (2 ). So long as students are also shown to learn effectively, thisseems to be an attractive alternative to traditional classes without suchflexibility. Many of these programsare controlled and administered by site-based institutions. Whenbroadcasting came into being, education turned first to the radio and thenthe television as a means of reaching distant students. (1999, February 1). This school had the technical and human resources toproduce and deliver quality telecourses and teleworkshops over distance toregional and national markets, and usually these programs used one-wayvideo (satellite) and two-way audio (toll-free telephone connected tostudio speakers), which somewhat limited interaction and communication.However, the authors further note that the technology to increaseinteractivity and communication is available today. The problem is that these circumstanceschallenge most traditional notions about a quality postsecondary educationand raises questions that demand that all in the postsecondary educationcommunity rethink some of their basic assumptions. Before thewidespread use of electronic communications, educators used printtechnology and the postal service for correspondence education. "Training At Your Fingertips Web-based schooling is a convenient, cheap alternative to the old-fashionedclassroom." Your Company, 73. Studies have also shown that similar factors determine successfullearning whether the students are distant or traditional, and these factorsinclude: M Willingness to initiate calls to instructors for assistance. The HigherEducation Act recognizes this fact and allows considerable latitude toinstitutions in designing non-traditional programs, including distanceeducation programs. Probably the oldest form of long distance learning in America is thecorrespondence school, which sends lessons through the mail and thenreceives written materials from the student the same way. videotape vs. "Distance education: An introduction" (2 ). University of Idaho,Engineering Outreach staff. Preliminaryresearch by Wayne State University indicates that more students wereserved, more content was covered, and students using the response padsperformed better on proctored examinations. In addition, since theInternet recognizes no national or even international boundaries,educational delivery will not be limited to state or even regionalboundaries, making consumer protection likely to emerge as a new federalissue ("Cyber University vs. References Barnes, F.M. Traditional bricks-and-mortar operations are costly and may also haveto face the troublesome personnel frictions that occur in any permanentlarge organization with people in continuous face-to-face contact; manybelieve these added costs can be eliminated or reduced with greaterreliance on long-distance learning. "Cyber University vs. The idea of the Cyber University is different in thatit is an institution without a campus and without a standing faculty.Assume that this institution delivers a self-paced, competency-based degreeprogram in which students have little or no face-to-face interaction withother students or instructors. (1998, March 1). The trend toward thistype of learning system is growing because of the convenience and areduction in expenses, but at the same time, critics point out that thereis also a loss to the student in not having the classroom experience andthe direct contact of the face-to-face system of a traditional classroom. Site-Based University" (2 ). "Sustaining two-wayinteraction and communication in distance learning." T H E Journal(Technological Horizons In Education). Distance-Educator.com. the use of such systems is growing (Fryer, 1999).A few educational institutions have used these systems. For some time, largecorporations and government agencies have used response systems toencourage interaction and bi-directional communication between students andinstructors. Educationaltelevision appeared when Iowa State University applied to the FederalCommunication Commission (FCC) for an educational television (ETV) licensein 1945 to become the first ETV broadcaster in the world--it begantelevising educational programs in 195 . The federalgovernment issued the first educational radio license to the Latter DaySaints' University of Salt Lake City in 1921, and the University ofWisconsin and the University of Minnesota also received licenses toestablish educational radio stations in 1922. Distance education is perceived as an increasingly effective methodof instruction. Because of this, educational researchers have examined thepurposes and situations for which distance education is best suited.Research on distance learning indicates that the instructional formatitself (such as interactive video vs. (1998, Spring). Conventional instruction is believed tobe better organized and more clearly presented than distance education:"The organization and reflection needed to effectively teach at a distanceoften improves an instructor's traditional teaching" ("Is DistanceEducation Effective?," 2 ). Such a response system is an interactive network that usesphone lines and modems to facilitate communication. Luke, T. Such services can be inreal time, as when a lecturer is transmitted by closed-circuit televisionto distant sites, or on-demand, as when a lecture is placed on the Internetto be accessed at the convenience of the student. The systems offersstudents great convenience and flexibility in attending classes (Luke,1998, 26). Luke (1998) cites the development ofthe University of Phoenix, which is entirely an Internet-based operation,as a possible model for the university of the future. http://www.distance-educator.com/ portals/research_deintro.html. Suchinstitutions have faculty to oversee the curriculum and long-standingtraditions for dealing with matters of institutional integrity. "live" instructor) haslittle effect on student achievement as long as the delivery technology isappropriate to the content being offered and all participants have accessto the same technology. M Previous completion of a college degree ("Is Distance Education Effective?," 2 ). There is other research thatsuggests that interactive instruction enhances learning and improves adultproblem-solving abilities. However, response systems are expensive. & Lowery, B.R. Long distance university learning is touted by many as the comingthing. 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