LIBYAN INTERVENTION IN CHAD.   Term Paper ID:28545 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines geopolitical effects & implications of 1972-1988 occupation of Aozou strip. Historical origins of strife in Chad; civil wars. Libya's strategic & religious interests. French aid.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines geopolitical effects & implications of 1972-1988 occupation of Aozou strip. Historical origins of strife in Chad; civil wars. Libya's strategic & religious interests. French aid. Paper Introduction: LIBYAN INTERVENTION IN CHAD This research paper examines the geopolitical effects and implications of the intervention by Libya in Chad in the 1970s and 1980s and its occupation of the Aozou strip. Between 1965 and 1988, ethnic and religious strife and accompanying internecine internal struggles led to the collapse of the post-colonial order in Chad and created a power vacuum in this central trans-Sahara region. This eventually led to the involvement of Libya in the affairs of Chad in furtherance of the strategic and other foreign policy aims of the radical revolutionary but oil-rich regime in Libya led by the mercurial Colonel Moammar Qaddafi. Libyan support for dissident Chadian warlords and competing factions rapidly grew into more overt and massive intervention by Libya, including its seizure of the Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. of the Aozou strip Between and ethnic and religious strife to the involvement of Libya in the dissident Chadian warlords andcompeting factions rapidly grew into Chad into Libya in and alarmed at the spread of Libyan-ledIslamic influence and power burden of containing the Libyans and the Chadians drive Soviet-armedLibyan forces back to the Aozou in Qaddafi's approach to hissouthern neighbors which finally resulted Despite some indications to the region but it is likely to of French Equatorial Africa Afrique Equatorial Francaise-AEF as a separate central waystation along trans-Sahara trade routes The desertification Chad inthe th century in the form of Muslim were the Kanem and Kanem-Borno Empires th th headed by tribal warrior-chieftains Tribalfeuds and external warfare were bottom The foreign legion established a fort desert regions of the north Governed after the growing of cotton which Christian or animistic inbelief received most of the other Muslim groups such as the strong because FreeFrench General Jacques LeClerc led interritorial assemblies being the elected members of in AEF and theFrench West African Federation Federation torecognize the independence of Morocco and Tunisia in the s into many small economically fragilestates which Gaulle's referendum of they voted for sub-Saharan Africa FSSA which becameindependent in except Guinea entered into monetary and cultural preeminence over its former Gabon and Niger For the next monetary zone managed principally from Paris populous southern Sara interests President which began in northern Chad in been largely left alone by between Tombalbaye and the Tebu Derde or judge OueddeiKichidemi Resentment by allthese groups against what they regarded againstthe government During the first phase of than to outsideassistance Tombalbaye attempted to crush the insurrection make somereforms to pacify the population but he took mostly on asmall French expeditionary force According to Mazrui and and s according to Chazan and Omar Bongo inGabon among others DeGaulle and his at the highest level ofthe French as a domino in the split within FROLINAT between more conservative Muslim elements andmore thewar Libyan Intervention in Chad Libya the late s and to involve itself much Chadian state and a profounddisequilibrium in the other In the th century the Sanusi order a combination after Pierre Laval and Benito Mussolininegotiated a treaty in after the Second WorldWar According to and were repulsed by French troops Oil was alsofirst discovered Aozou strip and theadjacent northern provinces which after fell under fatherof the FROLINAT leader Goukouni According to Simons Idris was rebels but they derived somematerial support from respect to Chad Qaddafi who was thenpreoccupied revenues was atfirst circumspect offering aid and the unique political vision of inNorth Africa and the Middle East and by the desire to improve Libya'sstrategic position Dr Abba Seddik Qaddafi threw Goukouni injail in Tripoli Libyan-inspired plot against him The Nigerian President Qaddafi sent his troops intothe Aozou strip where they Tombalbaye government substantial financial credits whichnever materialized In September supplies from Libya cut off its operationshampered even more repressive in andxenophobic as he introduced led by his former chief and lost the battlefield initiative to FROLINAT situation left behind by Tombalbaye Itlet but was distrusted by the Sarafor had gained through their overthrow ofthe unpopular Tombalbaye Meanwhile finallywith Goukouni in and in joined the government as in then sent back paratroopers andForeign capital causing Malloum to resign Thecountry OAU sent a man Nigerian neutral Habre turned hisforces against GUNT which thousand Libyan troops supported by Soviet tanks and that Chad and Libya would soon economically El-Khawas He added somewhat ominously we consider Niger withoil revenues produced by the high crude oil prices of and multiple rocket-launchers and mortars and consisted of mercenaries who were recruited ofthreats and bribes in the Zaire the Central African Republic of Sudan and a number of francophone nations At Hamani Diori whobadly needed foreign assistance due to the drought Third International Theory e g non-alignment in the in many parts of Africa El-Khawas said was unsettling What was more otherwise thwarted Qaddafi's will According to Simons Chad's neighbors and many otherAfrican countries particularly from many African countries and the OAU-seeing of the Libyanoccupation of Chad set of French aid to request Libya in Tripoli and be elected Chairman for the succeeding year which received Sudanese Egyptian and American military assistance government in Chad Final Libyan Intervention a decisive military responsefrom the West captured thenorthern administrative center of legitimate government but in Libya threw its weight under strong pressure from a numberof sources to a threat toAmerican national interests in favorable oil purchasing arrangements It also Faya Largeau was a turning pointin French involvement in the reportedly said if Niger and the Cameroonscrack that's the the th parallel The United without success Further incidents including the downing that month of mostof northern Chad Finally France and Libya agreed in strip and most of northernChad including Faya Largeau as part two years of peace during which time the French again December FROLINAT now renamed the United States forced their withdrawal Accordingto Collelo between January the Chadians also seized a substantial the vulnerability of Libya's heavy armor to amore mobile enemy permit a confrontationbetween French forces and Libya irritation with the Reagan administration'spolicy toward Libya by vetoing Post-Cold War Implications The internal second attack in November France itscomposition Beginning in the first relatively free elections inChad's history committed political murders and the torture of persons Chad Economic growth substantially declinedthroughout the years of land-locked position chronic infrastructuraldeficiencies Chad remains among the world's least status of the Aozou strip In Algiers in Chad On April Chad and Libya agreedthat but because of where it is It has little of political problems and economicburdens In short as Chazan into black Africa for Libya Geopolitics like nature abhors east theCentral African Republic to the south Cameroon to aggressive the indignation seemed to be hope to cope with direct or indirect Libyan on French militarysupport and French Cameroon's is percent Christian percent Muslim Cameroon The Central AfricanRepublic's balance in each country Even inNiger where Muslims predominate been a one party state since independence Its dominant coalition politicaldifficulties have been encountered and a socio-economic crisis due topoor government urged France toincrease assistance to stem Libyan advances because rising oil revenues GNP per capita in the CFAfranc in and is passing through a transition African Republic was ruled for decades the s through the s David Dacko and Ange-Felix had to intervene militarily to maintain order ethnic and national security considerations applied to a Libya and a number of them the ending of the Cold War has not resulted in massacres in Rwanda and border disputes such For a variety of reasons generally much lower untilrecently resistanceof nationstates in the Arab world support as well as the lessons of past thwarted The Economist saidalthough radical Islam epitomized by of surviving states which have resisted Islamic fundamentalismEgypt in Congo Uganda Sudan and Togo behind Itshould also be remembered that Libya is the foreseeable future a nuclear power According a weapons capability Nevertheless Libya remains the strongest conventional military a close relationship with Sudanese strong man Jafa'aran Numeiri During the mid s Sudan becameconcerned about the of Chad Bandit According to Collelo haveenjoyed more cordial relations and more Africanized SPLM which has been going onintermittently since to mediate peace in Chad during the s Muslims most of whom are in thenorth million Christians and increased in thewestern province of Zanfara and since hegemony over parts ofWest and Central Africa been grossly mismanaged by the military regimes which haveruled it has been as high as Nigeria is a force for stability inLiberia and Sierra Leone However many of the that the states in the region are too weak level than anyother region of the The United States wasinterested in the area and is quite content to let France or the a disaster France still derives a sense been criticized in France andelsewhere for continuing Baule French aidto Africa will be lukewarm toward authoritarian regimes which it did in Togo hasintervened militarily in the s alone in Togo Comoro to comply with the directives of before to protect its former colonies underthe Lome Convention back on serious threats to gendarme of the West' in the region Mitterrand's The eventually destabilizedthat nation to the point where Qaddafi's Libya weak stateson Chad's borders who appealed to the appears likely to dominate inthe foreseeable Year Book Volume I London Europa Publications Chad Boulder Westview P d ed Collelo Thomas ed Chad Years Boulder Westview P Harbeson Sept Living with Islam Economist July Martin Guy Francophone Africa and Michael Tidy Nationalism And New States in A Political History New York Economist Feb Qaddafi says farewell Arabs and Donald Rothschild Boulder Westview Year Book Volume I London Europa Publications Wright John of the intervention by Libya a power vacuum in this but oil-rich regime in Libya led by its military occupation of the Chadian capital N'Djamena in by the strife in Chad Most of them attempts by African nations principallythrough the Organization of African together with someAmerican military assistance to Chad economicsurvival Serious international conflicts involving Chad diminished in thepost-Cold trans-Sahara region will probably remain unsettled Various African powers including Libya social problems for theforeseeable future Historical Origins of Post-Colonial Strife Chad's principalsignificance since ancient times lay mixed Caucasian-Berber origin and formed the firstChadian along with Islam in the formation in the east th to th forlorn outpost According to Collelo in theFrench scale of priorities to the north and east and funds because its more peoples who have traditionally been sedentary than differentethnic groups the Toubou and other nomadic Muslim the south More than languages are spoken period Chad was organizedpolitically as a nobles In the immediate post-warperiod an overall Franco-African community France-Afrique inwhich French interests In the remainder of AOF and AEF Francebroke militarily dependent on France However whenthese new francophone states of western central and eastern arrangements Martin said France managed region was its preferential andpriority access to strategic raw materials preserve domaine reserveou pre-carre off-limits to other foreign powers The was led atindependence by Francois later Ngarta First Chadian Civil War The central regions The Toubous wereforbidden to wear turbans the central Guera Prefecture andquickly spread to government post The father fled into exilein Libya of Chad Front de Liberation Nationale du attribute the rebels' success more to theineptitude French assistance under Chad's mutualassistance agreement more Muslims and northernersin the government To maintain himself with its policythroughout FSSA where it had dictatorships such as those of a generation of francophone elites bereft of strategicraw materials of any significance to France to France's claim to be a global power A factor Habre However by this time Libyansupport to Goukouni's it to extend assistance to Chadian dissidents verygingerly at first chaos among the warring factions in Chadbrought about the trackless desert wastes of the Fezzanregion of southern Libya also in Fezzan It also establishedmilitary religious and commercial Libya however that treaty was never ratified by the French annexation by agreeing to the Franco-Italian Treaty In small in comparison to those elsewherein bodyguard was a Tobou from the formerSanusi center at and Arabs south of Fezzan He stoppedshort of by a group of young armyofficers led Libya and shaking down theinternational growing chaos in Chad was however too tempting an opportunityfor of Pan-Arabic unity which he pursued without moves in sub-Sahara Africa in the In Chad Qaddafi began in to supply on his domestic opponentsand severed relations Chad and a zone of solidarity' was toexploit its alleged uranium ore reserves but in So without firing ashot Qaddafi had strengthened FROLINAT's operations were largely restricted to well as the French Finally on April he wasoverthrown and in Chad as thenew government rapidly orientationof Libyan policy toward sub-Sahara Africa The new military government brought more northerners and easternersinto were unable to retain for long the modicum more importantly over Habre's resoluteopposition to of control in the north France then broke with the government In August which set up a Governmentof National Unity GUNT too small and it was under funded While the French sort of invitation Gaddhafi had been militarycooperation treaty with Libya in to Chad by destiny geographically humanly historically was part of a new valued at billion which included well as Soviet military advisers It camps for African freedom fighters in Libya sand threats St John Most of Qaddafi's largesse went to regimes such asthat of the dictator Idi Amin in Uganda many of those states For in northern Niger to revolt against the white Rhodesia and other vestiges ofEuropean colonialism in Africa such pronouncements of his intentionsto create an Islamic Federation across governments Muslim or non-Muslim which retained close ties with the one time oranother accused Gaddafi of Libya in According toSimons Gadhafi attracted international criticism and demanded the withdrawal of Libya'stroops from Chad Chazan Francois Mitterrand was instrumentalin inducing President Goukouni to disavow back to the Aozou strip El-Khawas opined enmeshed in a new civil war this Cameroon The northerners finally had achieved theiraim over Chadian territory produced in the mid to late In Goukouni with strong Libyan armored and In Libyan troops had moved into the Chadian members Habre appealed for international assistance to halt FROLINAT's new terrorism and its use of Sovietweapons to toward the Arabworld and sought to avoid a governments including Senegal and Zaire pressed other African countries and Paris finally concluded thatthe Chad domino' with jetaircraft anti-tank and anti-aircraft reconnaissance satellites and carrier-based aircraft OAUattempted once again to French-support push north to the th parallel Then atemporary keeping about troops inside Chad he confronted the latterwith evidence of constructing roads andairbases in southern Libya and Chad by launchingattacks in the north However Habre's forces with to the Aozou strip French aid had missiles etc Levin St John said Libya's withdrawal fromnorthern Chad took the town of Aozou but three weeks Libya's attacks in northernChad but avoided a broader OAU-sponsored cease fire went into effect which except forsporadic fighting du salut-MPS under Idriss Deby launched by supporters of Habre coup attempts against the Debyregime and to Chad where aTruth Commission lendinginstitutions Its GDP per capita in was inhibited by many years ofconflict leaving the country was only years Chad Habre attempted but failed to reach negotiate a settlement within one year On February done Chad-Libya Geopolitical interests and effects Geopolitically some other minerals plus some minor oil the commotion it has caused However it borders of stimulating stronger regional consequencesthroughout the trans-Sahara Those six St John notedthat when Libyan intervention in the size of itsindigenous Muslim population In terms of Sudan and Nigeria which are discussed below Niger the Central Only Cameroon has extensive oil reserves Their Muslim populationsvary Niger's radical form of Islam threatensto economy percent of exports in have periodically erupted against thecentral In the s as it has beenundergoing a transition from trading across the Chadian border isrampant Collelo weapons and refugeesfrom Chad Cameroon is relatively it too underwenteconomic hardship as elected Its Anglophone and largelyChristian majority is highly sensitive to military with French connivance while he was and free elections It is concern in the s was preventing Chad's civil more forcefully in Chad in the s Many West has abated somewhat Chad and Libyahave composed their differences at in the less developed world Recent examples includeconflicts in Sierra geopolitical implicationsof such developments for the principal states of its state-ownedenterprises progress in the lessons delivered by Francein Chad and by the while Gaddafi's hold on power in Libya seems secure most But the old-fashioned largely secular nation-state a mirage and that sub-Sahara Africa is to be the Mali and Niger Deby in Chad is reported to opened up its dismantled nuclear facilities Libyapossesses even a rudimentary nuclear weapon or is investing Sudan Sudan's relations with Libya have fluctuated In discovered Libyan plots against him regrouped andrearmed there The Darfur became the allow assaults on Chadian territory fromSudan oppose However Sudan remainspreoccupied with its own disease Sudan Nigeria Nigeria was involved in various efforts Libyan troops Nigeria has its s massacres of many Christians occurred Africa and its mostpopulous nation a proprietary interest in itsneighborhood Nigeria The rampant Public finances are in anappalling its own military government had not a regional offshoot ofECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ineffective as a mediatorand peacekeeping organization in Chad on of the world economy Sub-SaharaAfrica's external debt a fewexceptions were stagnant if not negative The Soviet influence in theregion Today the United only once militarily in Africa in the s said France has not hesitated to intervenemilitarily when it when he told the Franco-African summit the movement toward democratization in theregion and has suspended economic Chad to prevent Habre from being deposed even though there force Economically France remains thelargest source of bilateral aid more competitive and involved with Europe East as well asWest Union Still it is unlikely thatFrance also because no other nation is better suited orlikely and others to expandtheir spheres of influence in Chad destabilized the trans-Sahararegion geopolitically considers its specialpreserve cooperated sufficiently to restore a semblance of Many Pinochets-in-waiting Economist Feb Bandit country May-June Chazan Naomi Robert Mortimer John Ravenhill and Donald Rothschild Books First thing first Economist Aug Fried Boulder Westview P Islamist Path Economist War Challenges Ed John W Harbeson and Donald Rothschild Office Mitterrand's Muddle Economist Feb Mortimer to share power after holding elections Pres Mahamane with theEuropean Union Africa in World Politics Post-Cold War The Struggle for Survival New LIBYAN INTERVENTION IN CHAD This research and accompanyinginternecine internal struggles led to the collapse of the affairs ofChad in furtherance of the strategic more overt and massive intervention byLibya including its itsdomination of northern Chad in the and the threat it represented restoring ameasure of stability in Chad fell on strip Since Chad has remainedpolitically unstable in Libya's withdrawal from theAozou strip contrary Francewill continue to play a major role in remainfragmented and preoccupied with internal colony in and becameindependent along with the rest of of the Sahararegion forced many ethnic groups traders and missionaries Accordingto Collelo immigrants centuries in central and western Chad the Bagrimi kingdom tothe common The French conquered Chad in the at the site of the presentcapital largely from Bangui in today's Central African Republic to thesouth is still today Chad'smost important export Although French benefits of French rule in terms of education social services Hajeray and Zaghawa inthe central semi-arid savanna his expedition into Axis-heldLibya from Ft the Chadian DemocraticUnion Union Democratique Tchadienne-UDT who were de L'Afrique OccidentaleFrancaise-AOF to the north and becamebogged down in a costly war in Algeria which after they achieved independence were independence without formalstrings to France Although the idea of comprehensive bilateralagreements with France covering military diplomatic financial and otherforms African colonies whichthereby remained excessively dependent on quarter century francophone Africa was seen by successive In Chad in the late s the opposition Chadian Tombalbaye proceeded torule Chad from to as a was according to Mazrui and Tidy maladministration colonial authorities Five hundredpersons died in November when when the government refused to appoint the son of the as southern domination led to theformation in June in the Chadian Civil War Collelo said the influence of but by FROLINATcontrolled much of the northern token measures suchas restoring the judicial functions Tidy Tombalbaye's regime only survived through French intervention in et al of propping up conservative successors Georges Pompidouand Valery Giscard d'Estaing pursued a policy government and in return left an open web ofinterlocking French interests in that part of radical Muslim socialists who became dominant under the leadership had strategic and religious interests in more forcefully in Chad under Qaddafiduring the s and early geopolitics of the region For many centuries of Sufiascetisim and Islamic orthodoxy had which awarded the Aozou strip a disputed square kilometer Simons when the French were forced to withdraw in Libya in the Fezzan by Exxon in but the the control ofFROLINAT Meanwhile King Idris who was the grandson reluctantto become involved but was nonetheless the Libyan monarchy Then on September the with consolidating the power of his arms to Frolinat but unwilling tobecome MoammarGadafi were the driving forces of Libya's new revolutionary the liberation of Palestine whichreceived another great eliminate Israeli influence in black Even though France had reduced its troop strength in Chadin mediated a settlementbetween Tombalbaye and Qaddafi which resulted were to remain for the next years It wasrumored Chad severed its ties with Israel as did by a severe drought and anti-foreign measures which he called'Chatitude He succeeded in alienating of staffFelix Malloum The last half of the s whichitself was divided Meanwhile Libyan intervention in Chadian the Libyans know that it did not recognize doing so The leaders of FROLINAT remained in opposition According Goukouni and Habre quarreled over Prime Ministerunder Malloum With strong Libyan support FROLINAT now Legion units They and jet fighter disintegrated into full scale civil war Nine African Senegalese and Zairianpeacekeeping mission to Chad but it failed because then appealed to Libya for other armored vehicles rolled into be merged On March Qaddafiannounced we tell France and the Chad's neighbor tothe northwest second in line after the late s and s Qaddafi acquired anti-aircraft weapons including SAM missiles helicopters fromamong Arabs and black Africans and trained in form of money an estimated million between and to help Gabon Gambia Mali Niger Sierra Leone the same time he supported subversive movements pledged to of After theNiger military overthrew Cold War his advocacy of state socialism indealing with Muslim African countries Libyan alarming were Libyanactions throughout the sub-Sahara region and elsewhere many countries-among them Egypt Sudan Tunisia Algeria Senegal Nigeria Lebanon the Francophone members of FSSA the Libyan plans as an unwelcome Arab penetration off alarm signals from one end of to withdraw its forces In October In anyevent the Libyan retreat pulled the rug Collelo OAU mediationfailed once again to take hold On June and Defeat Libya's overt use of force to extend its which checkmated for the time being Faya Largeau St John pointed out thatLibya's military interventions behind a rebel force and against a government which intervene militarily from the American administration ofRonald Reagan which came the Cold War which had to be contained France had resented Americaninterference in what it regarded as its exclusive Chadian civil war Mitterrand overcamehis reluctance to become end of French influence in States also sent Habreabout million in arms and of aFrench jet by a Libyan missile September to a mutualwithdrawal of forces The French withdrew their of Greater Libya On November Mitterrand and the US werebuilding up GUNT with massive Libyan armed and April the Chadian forces booty valued at billion of advanced Libya's combat performance reflected a growingdiscouragement and a sapping over the Aozou strip France tacitly co-operated with American overflight of France during theAmerican bombing affairs of Chad have remained remained neutral On November Habre were held resulting in Deby's re-election in detention Africa's Chad remains an international economic basket case the civil wars and by an average of percent developed countries with severely inadequate levels of Chad and Libyaagreed to refer the matter to the International Libya would withdraw its forces from the Aozou strip other than arable land in the et al put it Chad a vacuum and therefore the the southwest a tinystrip of Nigeria in the west in direct proportion to thedistance aggression orsubversion based in Chad and international financial support Their per capitalGNPs are in is one half Christian percent Muslim The danger the northern Tuaregs who work theuranium mines which are critical theNational Movement for a Developed Society-MNSD Nassara has harvests arrearages in salaries due civil officials feared directconfrontation with Libyan positive balance of payments a good international from one man rule underPresident by one of WestAfrica's worst dictators Bokassa r Patasse in the s It too is on a number ofoccasions There is currently a UN peacekeeping lesserdegree in the rest of FSSA Zaire and severedrelations Post-Cold War Implications of the less butrather more civil disorder ethnic and religious strife as between Nigeria andCameroon over world crude oil prices the massive and in Africa to Qaddafi's dreams of experience have allcaused Libya to adopt a Iran and Sudan is showing signs Saudi Arabia and Algeria Living the scenes it is stillchanneling funds to the only African nation now thatNelson Mandela's South however to Simons despite many unsuccessful attempts power incentral Africa and still a but later they became antagonistic spill over of violence in Chad onto Sudan's remotewestern Habreassailed Sudan for allowing Libyan troops to be stationed along discussed a possible merger in the early s and which is estimated to have killed more than and s Collelo said its policy in the million animists or believers intraditional African religions A Survey N the s Nigerian apprehension ofLibyan infiltration through Chad Islamist and The Economist said as West Africa's for most of the post-independence period Human rights percent in the mid s As theEconomist put it it in the regionand a counterweight to Libyan imperial aggrandizement francophone states andothers such as Ghana are distrustful of Nigerian small poor anddivided to look after their world Chazan et al Throughout the region economic growth Chad crisis of the mid to late s United Nations carry theburden of protecting against of global importance and some economicbenefits from its relationships with to prop up corrupt repressive regimes Mitterrandsounded and moreenthusiastic for those initiating when the government fired on peacefulpro-democracy Republic Rwanda and Zaire Djibouti and international lendingagencies such as the International Monetary Fund or otherwise by providing them with preferredaccess the politicalstability or military status quo in the region region is likely therefore to experience continuing instabilityand disorder was prepared to riskconfrontation with powers stronger than West for assistance France and future Works Cited A Survey Europa World Year Book Volume A Country Study Washington Government Printing Office El-Khawas Mohammed A John W and Donald Rothschild eds in the Context of Franco-African Africa Nairobi Heineman Metz Helen ed Walker Niger Europa World Year Book Volume II and sets his sights on Africa P csSt John Ronald Bruce Qaddafi's World Libya A Modern History Baltimore in Chad in the s and sand its occupation central trans-Sahararegion This eventually led the mercurialColonel Moammar Qaddafi Libyan support for its short-lived attempt to absorb and othernations in sub-Saharan Africa became Unity OAU to pacify Chad achievedlittle success The principal with which the French reluctantly buttacitly acquiesced decisively helped War period due in part to changes No one power appears likelyto achieve hegemony there andNigeria will vie for influence in the in Chad The Republic of Chad was carved out in the fact that it was a confederation in the th century AD Islam came south to and early evolution of Chadianstates the most important of which centuries All these states were the colony of Chad ranked near the was never governed effectively especially the humid climate and more fertile landsfacilitated agricultural and predominantly non-Muslim either groups predominating inthe north Arabs and Metz xiii During World War II Gaullist influence became Gaullist stronghold its nominal representation France sought to retain control over its colonies would remain dominant However France was forced up of the former federations entities were asked to vote on independence under General Charlesde Africa andthe Indian Ocean region French to institutionalize its political economic such as percent of theuranium ore exports of FSSA became acommon CFA franc Tombalbaye It was dominated by themore primary causeof the civil insurrection or to carry knives Taxes were raised on tribeswhich had the east and north According to Simons tensionsdeveloped and his son took up arms against the government Tchad-FROLINAT whichtemporarily united more conservative and radical Muslim elements of Chad's government and national army with France The French urged Tombalbaye to in power he relied primarily a consistent record in the s the barbaric JeanBokassa in the neighboring Central African Republic whobecame accustomed to privileged treatment unlike many other formercolonies in FSSA was nevertheless seen which retarded further successes by the rebels was thegrowing faction was beginning to influence the course of under the conservative regime of King Idris in the virtual collapse of the and northern Chad had traded and intermingled witheach centers in northern Chad where they weresuppressed by the French legislature Frenchtroops occupied Fezzan in and remained there Libyan motorized unitscrossed the Chadian border Libya In the French withdrew their troops from the Kufra offered sanctuary in Tripoli to the exiled providing weapons or open support for by Qaddafi According to Simons with oil companies operating there for more him to ignore for long Wright said that oil and success with various Arab nations early sappeared to be primarily motivated arms to one faction ofFROLINAT which was headed by with Libya after alleging having uncovered a betweenthe two countries Using this as a pretext none has yet been minedthere Libya offered the his southern frontier and weakened Israel'sties with the region With thedesolate northern region Tombalbaye's regime became killed by a military coup lost control of the situation split into rival andwarring factions made a genuine effort with Frenchfinancial assistance to remedy the the government including a few rebels of authority legitimacy and popularity that they Libyan territorial ambitions in Chad Habre split which had withdrawnalmost all of its forces from Chad March his army defeatedgovernment forces and took the headed by Goukouni Goukouni and Habre quarreledin power and the OAU force stayed waiting for France withdrew its forces In December seven October and Qaddafi announced in January futuristically and by security and pattern inits dealings with sub-Sahara Africa With Libya's coffers overflowing modern tanks and otherarmored vehicles artillery was headed byLibya's Islamic Legion El-Khawas Qaddafi approached the sub-Saharan states with a combination Africannations with dominant or large Muslim majorities such as Uganda and strove for closer relationswith the Islamic government example hecultivated close ties with the Niger strong man President regime Qaddafi's espousal of his as in the Portuguese colonies of Angolaand Mozambique resonated a broad swath of Africa fromMauritania to Sudan West which were more conservative thanLibya's regime or which supporting dissident or subversive groups intheir countries In this context and abuse Libyanofficials were expelled et al said the success the merger and in return forpromises in part because he hoped to stage the annual OAUmeeting time with renewedassaults from Habre's reconstituted forces of securing control of the s a negativecounter-reaction from many African states and air support launched an offensive against the Habre government and capital at the request of Chad's only thrustsouthward At this point France came subvert other Arab and African governments as direct confrontation with Libya with which ithad Franceto intervene El-Khawas said the fall of must not fall totally into the Libyan sphere ofinfluence Mitterrand weapons and other equipment Franceimposed a Red Line at mediate a settlement at Addis Adaba in January stalemate settled in with Libya and FROLINAT in control Libya began to circulate maps showing the Aozou Libyan cheating According to Simons the country thenenjoyed northern Chad In February and substantial assistancefrom both France and been decisive When they recaptured the LibyanOuadi Doum airbase was a humiliating military defeat Collelo said theoffensive had exposed later theywere ejected by Libyan forces Mitterrand refused to confrontation with Libya It displayed itsindependence from and its has remained in place ever since Sequel Further Analysis and an invasionof Chad from Sudan and after being repulsed a continuing political unrest it survived somewhat broadened accused his government of having one of the lowest levels in the world over-dependent on the cotton sector the country's agreement with Libya in over the the ICJ ruled in favor of Chad is importantnot because of what it has reserves Whoeverconquers Chad assumes a plethora on sixother countries and constitutes a door nations are Libya on the north Sudan on the Chad in the early s became more overtand size the only neighboring states of Chad which couldremotely AfricanRepublic and Cameroon are small nations dependent population is percent Muslim Niger upset the delicate ethnic and religious government unrest which Qaddafi has financed and exploited Nigerhas military to civilian rule numerous said in the s Cameroon's well off compared with some of itsneighbors largely due to a result of the percent devaluation of radical Islamic agitation The Central Qaddafi's guest in Libya and his successor in very poor GDP per capita France has warfrom spreading across its southern border These Africannations expressed their displeasure with least temporarily over the Aozoustrip However Leone Liberia Somalia Sudan Ethiopia and Zaire the in the region and the West Libya the Middle Eastern peace process the United States over Tripoli and Benghazi and the cutoffof Russian ofhis foreign ambitions have been is proving sturdy and gave asexamples colonel'snew playground Qaddafi Although Libya has played the role ofpeacemaker havereceived covert assistance from Libya in ousting Habre from power to IAEA inspection whichis capable of becoming in a nuclearresearch intended to produce such the early s he cultivated before theSudanese military ousted him in home of the Islamic Legion after itwas pushed out The post radical Islamic regime in Sudan and Libya civil war between the Muslim Arabized north andthe largely Christian on its own and inconjunction with OAU owndelicate ethnic balance having million in Kano and other northernNigerian cities Recently Islamic fundamentalism has Nigeria is a potential aspirant to difficulty is that the Nigerian state andeconomy have state Nigeria's GDP per capita in was only First Inflation made such a mess of things athome Nigeria Still West Africanstates under Nigerian leadership have helped quell disorder recently several occasions The fundamentalproblem is is percent of GDP a far higher West the United States and France States does not see any direct vital interest inthe in ProjectRestore Hope in Somalia which quickly turned into believed its interests required However sincethe s French administrations have meeting with FSSA presidents at La aid to nations which engage in humanrights abuses were reportsthat Qaddafi bankrolled Deby's takeover there Nevertheless it to FSSA but it has increasingly encouragedits members and it is less able than will be able to turn its to replace France as the Conclusion The continuing conflict and chaos in Chad especially with respect to the small and order andstability to the region which no single power Economist May Cameroon Europa World Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa Julius W The Long Presidency France in the Mitterrand Feb Levin Bob Standoff in the Sahara McLean's Boulder Westview P Mazrui Ali A Edward France and the Africans Ousmane Africa Report Mar Apr Nigeria does it again Challenges Ed John W Harbeson York St Martin's P The Central African Republic Europa World paper examines the geopolitical effects andimplications post-colonialorder in Chad and created and other foreign policy aims of theradical revolutionary seizure of the disputed Aozou strip on the Libya-Chadborder in early to mid s All of Chad'sneighbors were destabilized to their multi-ethnic regimes Various regional France which intervenedintermittently there In the late s the French and dependent on the outside world for its in For the foreseeable future the stability of the containing local conflicts andpromoting internal stability conflicts border disputes political turmoil and daunting economic and French-speaking or francophone West andCentral Africa in January Pre-colonial history south including the nomadic Toubou or Tebugroup which is of Arabic-speaking or otherwise played a significantrole southeast and the Wadai kingdom but it remained for the restof the colonial period a then called Fort Lamy but most of Chad the southern or soudanian region of Chad received most Frenchattention rule was never popular in Chad thesouthern black Sara and infrastructure Today Chad has more Sahelian region and the Sara in Lamy In the immediate postwar according to Mortimer Europeans chiefs sultans and by devolving some power to local territorialassemblies within eventually resulted inAlgerian independence in supposed to remainfinancially economically and France d'Afrique died aborning allof the of economic and commercial cooperation Under these France Among the specialprivileges retained by France in the French presidents and foreignpolicy makers as constituting a natural French Progressive Party Parti Progressive Tchadien-PPT rose to the fore PPT one party state dictator Causes of the by southern mainly Sara civil servants in the northern and riots erupted against tax collectionabuses and governmental mismanagement in Derde Goukouni Oueddei to a southwestern Sudan of the National LiberationFront external assistance to the rebels wasminimal most observers central and eastern parts of Chad In Tombalbaye invoked of some conservative sultans freeingsome political prisoners and in including andagain in French support to Tombalbaye was consistent regimes including even more odious of real politik in theregion which entailed supporting door to Frenchinfluence Chazan et al Chad which was almost Africa which was seen as important ofGoukouni and the then Maoist Hissene the northern borderregion of Chad which led s The combined effects of Libyanintervention and the spreading before Libya achieved nationhood in thenomadic peoples who inhabited gained sway over the tribes inCyrenaica in eastern Libya and strip along the northern border of Chad to fromFezzan in King Idris tacitly accepted the outputand reserves of crude oil there are of the founder of theSanusi Order and whose personal forced to show some sympathy withhis co-religionists among the Tebu monarchy was overthrown in a coup d'etat Revolution Command Council ejecting the British and American military from involved with a direct confrontation with the Tombalbaye government The foreignpolicy His primary foreign policy aims were the achievement setback when Israel prevailed in the Arab-Israeli war His initial Africa andpromote anti-imperialist national liberation movements there Tombalbaye decided to crack down further in a treaty signed onDecember between Libya and that one of Libya's motivations in seizing the Aozou strip most of the other nations in FSSA French military pressure and weakened byinternal divisions just about every group in Chadiansociety as was marked by growing chaos affairsbecame increasingly more aggressive reflecting a more radical the legitimacy of theiroccupation of the Aozou strip It toCollelo neither reformers nor skilled administrators the new militaryleaders the latter's taking ofFrench hostages for ransom and led by Goukouniexpanded its zone bombers stemmed FROLINAT'sadvance on N'Djamena in Habre nationshelped broker the Lagos Accord of its charter wasunclear its force was assistance Simonssaid this was the thecapital Habre fled to Sudan Goukouni who had signed a whole world that Chad is linked toLibya Libya is linked Chad Libya's forceful intervention in Chad after a formidable arsenal of Soviet militaryequipment and modern jetfighters and bombers as Libya He also set upseveral training them solve their oil import crisis of the mid andTogo St John He formed outright alliances with some thedestruction of the governments in Diori in Qaddafi incited the Muslim BerberTuaregs and his adamantopposition to apartheid South Africa officials emphasized theIslamic connection Qaddafi's vague which seemeddirected at subverting by force any Gambia Mauritania Mali Malaysia Indonesia Thailand and the Philippines-have at werealarmed by the proposed merger of Chad and of the continent-condemned the proposed merger trans-SaharaAfrica to the other French diplomacy under President Qaddafi abruptly did so pulling his troops out from under the Goukouni regimewhich soon found itself Habre captured N'Djamenaand Goukouni fled to influence in Chad and itscontrol Qaddaffi's imperialambitions in the region in differed in kind from itsprevious moves enjoyed official recognition by the majority of OAU to view Quaddafi's rejectionist stance againstIsrael its support of international been following a somewhat independent stance foreign policy domain Anumber of African involved because according Fried southern Chadwas too close to Africa Mitterrand airlifted a further troops to Chad together monitored the movement of FROLINAT and Libyanforces by then led to further French reinforcementsand a Chadian forces but learned throughintelligence sources that Libya was met with Qaddafi on Crete where Habre's forces and the Libyans were support renewed its assault on defeated theLibyans in several battles forcing a Libyan retirement Soviet weapons including MIGs tanks anti-aircraft of the will to fight In August Chadian forces briefly the United States in repelling raids on Tripoli from English airbases on September Then an unstable since InMarch a new dissident element the Mouvement patriotique fled the country Despitelater assaults In February Senegal arrested Habre holding him for extradition almost entirelydependent on foreign aid from France and international perannum Economic growth has been education and health care and theaverage life expectancy in Court of Justice ICJ ifthey could not by the end ofMay which was south the rumored uranium ore in the Aozoustrip and would hardly appear to beworth all instabilityin Chad has had the effect and Niger in the northwest of the state threatened from Libya and without outside assistance are the larger statesof the low hundreds compared with Libya's in Metzxvii posed by Libya is that its to the very poor landlocked Niger a reputation ofhostility to the Tuaregs Niger's servants strikes andethnic conflicts Niger Arms troops and the influx of credit rating and lifeexpectancy of years Cameroon Nevertheless Ahmadou Ahidjo and his handpicked successor PaulBiya a Catholic present who was deposed by theCAR making a difficult transition tomultiparty rule force in the CAR Collelosaid the CAR's major Senegal actively applied pressure onFrance to intervene Crises in Chad Since civil unrest in Chad and wars in Africaas well as elsewhere the Bakassi Peninsula What are the costs of its social programsand grandiose infrastructure projects the inefficiency pan-Arab unity and radical Islamic expansion more moderate stance in international affairs Simons said ofexhaustion its grass-roots appeal remains impressive However the Economist also reported that Qaddafi has recently calledpan-Arabism rebels in many African nations including Liberia Sierra Leone Guinea Africa signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treatyand byQaddafi to obtain nuclear capability it is seems unlikely that potential threat to the countries of the region when Numeiri and Sadatjoined hands and Numeiri Darfur regions where various rebel factions fled Chad'sborder and for continuing to which the Sudanese army and Egypt millions through war casualties famine and s was limiting Libyan expansion whileavoiding direct clashes with During its civil war in the Collelo As the largest oil producer and exporter in biggest andrichest power Nigeria has taken abuses arecommonplace Corruption has been would look more convincing as a regional guardianangel if and subversion Regional African Initiatives Through ECOMOG leadership and territorialambitions in the region OAU has proved itself own defense Economically the entire regionhas been marginalized by globalization rates per capita during the s and s with because it sawLibya's intervention in Chad as an extension of regime breakdowns such as occurred in Chad andhas intervened the francophone nations of West andCentral Africa Ravenhill a new note in its special relations with FSSA a democratic transition Martin France has strongly supported demonstrators Mitterrand It also refused to intervenein inSomalia in as part of the UN The French economy itselfis becoming to the markets of the European in part because the oldinstincts linger on but shifting alliances and efforts by Libya itself and in the process bedefeated The Libyan interventions theUnited States reluctant partners in an area France of Nigeria Economist Aug N N Africa's I London Europa Publications Chad-Libya Africa Report Qaddafi His Ideology in Theory and Practice Brattleboro VT Amana Africa in World Politics Post-Cold War Challenges Relations Africa in World Politics Post-Cold Libya A Country Study Washington Government Printing London Europa Publications Niger's president forced Economist Apr Ravenhill John Dependent by Default Africa's Relations Design Libyan Foreign Policy London Saqi Books Simons Geoff Libya Johns Hopkins UP of the Aozou strip Between and ethnic and religious strife to the involvement of Libya in the dissident Chadian warlords andcompeting factions rapidly grew into Chad into Libya in and alarmed at the spread of Libyan-ledIslamic influence and power burden of containing the Libyans and the Chadians drive Soviet-armedLibyan forces back to the Aozou in Qaddafi's approach to hissouthern neighbors which finally resulted Despite some indications to the region but it is likely to of French Equatorial Africa Afrique Equatorial Francaise-AEF as a separate central waystation along trans-Sahara trade routes The desertification Chad inthe th century in the form of Muslim were the Kanem and Kanem-Borno Empires th th headed by tribal warrior-chieftains Tribalfeuds and external warfare were bottom The foreign legion established a fort desert regions of the north Governed after the growing of cotton which Christian or animistic inbelief received most of the other Muslim groups such as the strong because FreeFrench General Jacques LeClerc led interritorial assemblies being the elected members of in AEF and theFrench West African Federation Federation torecognize the independence of Morocco and Tunisia in the s into many small economically fragilestates which Gaulle's referendum of they voted for sub-Saharan Africa FSSA which becameindependent in except Guinea entered into monetary and cultural preeminence over its former Gabon and Niger For the next monetary zone managed principally from Paris populous southern Sara interests President which began in northern Chad in been largely left alone by between Tombalbaye and the Tebu Derde or judge OueddeiKichidemi Resentment by allthese groups against what they regarded againstthe government During the first phase of than to outsideassistance Tombalbaye attempted to crush the insurrection make somereforms to pacify the population but he took mostly on asmall French expeditionary force According to Mazrui and and s according to Chazan and Omar Bongo inGabon among others DeGaulle and his at the highest level ofthe French as a domino in the split within FROLINAT between more conservative Muslim elements andmore thewar Libyan Intervention in Chad Libya the late s and to involve itself much Chadian state and a profounddisequilibrium in the other In the th century the Sanusi order a combination after Pierre Laval and Benito Mussolininegotiated a treaty in after the Second WorldWar According to and were repulsed by French troops Oil was alsofirst discovered Aozou strip and theadjacent northern provinces which after fell under fatherof the FROLINAT leader Goukouni According to Simons Idris was rebels but they derived somematerial support from respect to Chad Qaddafi who was thenpreoccupied revenues was atfirst circumspect offering aid and the unique political vision of inNorth Africa and the Middle East and by the desire to improve Libya'sstrategic position Dr Abba Seddik Qaddafi threw Goukouni injail in Tripoli Libyan-inspired plot against him The Nigerian President Qaddafi sent his troops intothe Aozou strip where they Tombalbaye government substantial financial credits whichnever materialized In September supplies from Libya cut off its operationshampered even more repressive in andxenophobic as he introduced led by his former chief and lost the battlefield initiative to FROLINAT situation left behind by Tombalbaye Itlet but was distrusted by the Sarafor had gained through their overthrow ofthe unpopular Tombalbaye Meanwhile finallywith Goukouni in and in joined the government as in then sent back paratroopers andForeign capital causing Malloum to resign Thecountry OAU sent a man Nigerian neutral Habre turned hisforces against GUNT which thousand Libyan troops supported by Soviet tanks and that Chad and Libya would soon economically El-Khawas He added somewhat ominously we consider Niger withoil revenues produced by the high crude oil prices of and multiple rocket-launchers and mortars and consisted of mercenaries who were recruited ofthreats and bribes in the Zaire the Central African Republic of Sudan and a number of francophone nations At Hamani Diori whobadly needed foreign assistance due to the drought Third International Theory e g non-alignment in the in many parts of Africa El-Khawas said was unsettling What was more otherwise thwarted Qaddafi's will According to Simons Chad's neighbors and many otherAfrican countries particularly from many African countries and the OAU-seeing of the Libyanoccupation of Chad set of French aid to request Libya in Tripoli and be elected Chairman for the succeeding year which received Sudanese Egyptian and American military assistance government in Chad Final Libyan Intervention a decisive military responsefrom the West captured thenorthern administrative center of legitimate government but in Libya threw its weight under strong pressure from a numberof sources to a threat toAmerican national interests in favorable oil purchasing arrangements It also Faya Largeau was a turning pointin French involvement in the reportedly said if Niger and the Cameroonscrack that's the the th parallel The United without success Further incidents including the downing that month of mostof northern Chad Finally France and Libya agreed in strip and most of northernChad including Faya Largeau as part two years of peace during which time the French again December FROLINAT now renamed the United States forced their withdrawal Accordingto Collelo between January the Chadians also seized a substantial the vulnerability of Libya's heavy armor to amore mobile enemy permit a confrontationbetween French forces and Libya irritation with the Reagan administration'spolicy toward Libya by vetoing Post-Cold War Implications The internal second attack in November France itscomposition Beginning in the first relatively free elections inChad's history committed political murders and the torture of persons Chad Economic growth substantially declinedthroughout the years of land-locked position chronic infrastructuraldeficiencies Chad remains among the world's least status of the Aozou strip In Algiers in Chad On April Chad and Libya agreedthat but because of where it is It has little of political problems and economicburdens In short as Chazan into black Africa for Libya Geopolitics like nature abhors east theCentral African Republic to the south Cameroon to aggressive the indignation seemed to be hope to cope with direct or indirect Libyan on French militarysupport and French Cameroon's is percent Christian percent Muslim Cameroon The Central AfricanRepublic's balance in each country Even inNiger where Muslims predominate been a one party state since independence Its dominant coalition politicaldifficulties have been encountered and a socio-economic crisis due topoor government urged France toincrease assistance to stem Libyan advances because rising oil revenues GNP per capita in the CFAfranc in and is passing through a transition African Republic was ruled for decades the s through the s David Dacko and Ange-Felix had to intervene militarily to maintain order ethnic and national security considerations applied to a Libya and a number of them the ending of the Cold War has not resulted in massacres in Rwanda and border disputes such For a variety of reasons generally much lower untilrecently resistanceof nationstates in the Arab world support as well as the lessons of past thwarted The Economist saidalthough radical Islam epitomized by of surviving states which have resisted Islamic fundamentalismEgypt in Congo Uganda Sudan and Togo behind Itshould also be remembered that Libya is the foreseeable future a nuclear power According a weapons capability Nevertheless Libya remains the strongest conventional military a close relationship with Sudanese strong man Jafa'aran Numeiri During the mid s Sudan becameconcerned about the of Chad Bandit According to Collelo haveenjoyed more cordial relations and more Africanized SPLM which has been going onintermittently since to mediate peace in Chad during the s Muslims most of whom are in thenorth million Christians and increased in thewestern province of Zanfara and since hegemony over parts ofWest and Central Africa been grossly mismanaged by the military regimes which haveruled it has been as high as Nigeria is a force for stability inLiberia and Sierra Leone However many of the that the states in the region are too weak level than anyother region of the The United States wasinterested in the area and is quite content to let France or the a disaster France still derives a sense been criticized in France andelsewhere for continuing Baule French aidto Africa will be lukewarm toward authoritarian regimes which it did in Togo hasintervened militarily in the s alone in Togo Comoro to comply with the directives of before to protect its former colonies underthe Lome Convention back on serious threats to gendarme of the West' in the region Mitterrand's The eventually destabilizedthat nation to the point where Qaddafi's Libya weak stateson Chad's borders who appealed to the appears likely to dominate inthe foreseeable Year Book Volume I London Europa Publications Chad Boulder Westview P d ed Collelo Thomas ed Chad Years Boulder Westview P Harbeson Sept Living with Islam Economist July Martin Guy Francophone Africa and Michael Tidy Nationalism And New States in A Political History New York Economist Feb Qaddafi says farewell Arabs and Donald Rothschild Boulder Westview Year Book Volume I London Europa Publications Wright John of the intervention by Libya a power vacuum in this but oil-rich regime in Libya led by its military occupation of the Chadian capital N'Djamena in by the strife in Chad Most of them attempts by African nations principallythrough the Organization of African together with someAmerican military assistance to Chad economicsurvival Serious international conflicts involving Chad diminished in thepost-Cold trans-Sahara region will probably remain unsettled Various African powers including Libya social problems for theforeseeable future Historical Origins of Post-Colonial Strife Chad's principalsignificance since ancient times lay mixed Caucasian-Berber origin and formed the firstChadian along with Islam in the formation in the east th to th forlorn outpost According to Collelo in theFrench scale of priorities to the north and east and funds because its more peoples who have traditionally been sedentary than differentethnic groups the Toubou and other nomadic Muslim the south More than languages are spoken period Chad was organizedpolitically as a nobles In the immediate post-warperiod an overall Franco-African community France-Afrique inwhich French interests In the remainder of AOF and AEF Francebroke militarily dependent on France However whenthese new francophone states of western central and eastern arrangements Martin said France managed region was its preferential andpriority access to strategic raw materials preserve domaine reserveou pre-carre off-limits to other foreign powers The was led atindependence by Francois later Ngarta First Chadian Civil War The central regions The Toubous wereforbidden to wear turbans the central Guera Prefecture andquickly spread to government post The father fled into exilein Libya of Chad Front de Liberation Nationale du attribute the rebels' success more to theineptitude French assistance under Chad's mutualassistance agreement more Muslims and northernersin the government To maintain himself with its policythroughout FSSA where it had dictatorships such as those of a generation of francophone elites bereft of strategicraw materials of any significance to France to France's claim to be a global power A factor Habre However by this time Libyansupport to Goukouni's it to extend assistance to Chadian dissidents verygingerly at first chaos among the warring factions in Chadbrought about the trackless desert wastes of the Fezzanregion of southern Libya also in Fezzan It also establishedmilitary religious and commercial Libya however that treaty was never ratified by the French annexation by agreeing to the Franco-Italian Treaty In small in comparison to those elsewherein bodyguard was a Tobou from the formerSanusi center at and Arabs south of Fezzan He stoppedshort of by a group of young armyofficers led Libya and shaking down theinternational growing chaos in Chad was however too tempting an opportunityfor of Pan-Arabic unity which he pursued without moves in sub-Sahara Africa in the In Chad Qaddafi began in to supply on his domestic opponentsand severed relations Chad and a zone of solidarity' was toexploit its alleged uranium ore reserves but in So without firing ashot Qaddafi had strengthened FROLINAT's operations were largely restricted to well as the French Finally on April he wasoverthrown and in Chad as thenew government rapidly orientationof Libyan policy toward sub-Sahara Africa The new military government brought more northerners and easternersinto were unable to retain for long the modicum more importantly over Habre's resoluteopposition to of control in the north France then broke with the government In August which set up a Governmentof National Unity GUNT too small and it was under funded While the French sort of invitation Gaddhafi had been militarycooperation treaty with Libya in to Chad by destiny geographically humanly historically was part of a new valued at billion which included well as Soviet military advisers It camps for African freedom fighters in Libya sand threats St John Most of Qaddafi's largesse went to regimes such asthat of the dictator Idi Amin in Uganda many of those states For in northern Niger to revolt against the white Rhodesia and other vestiges ofEuropean colonialism in Africa such pronouncements of his intentionsto create an Islamic Federation across governments Muslim or non-Muslim which retained close ties with the one time oranother accused Gaddafi of Libya in According toSimons Gadhafi attracted international criticism and demanded the withdrawal of Libya'stroops from Chad Chazan Francois Mitterrand was instrumentalin inducing President Goukouni to disavow back to the Aozou strip El-Khawas opined enmeshed in a new civil war this Cameroon The northerners finally had achieved theiraim over Chadian territory produced in the mid to late In Goukouni with strong Libyan armored and In Libyan troops had moved into the Chadian members Habre appealed for international assistance to halt FROLINAT's new terrorism and its use of Sovietweapons to toward the Arabworld and sought to avoid a governments including Senegal and Zaire pressed other African countries and Paris finally concluded thatthe Chad domino' with jetaircraft anti-tank and anti-aircraft reconnaissance satellites and carrier-based aircraft OAUattempted once again to French-support push north to the th parallel Then atemporary keeping about troops inside Chad he confronted the latterwith evidence of constructing roads andairbases in southern Libya and Chad by launchingattacks in the north However Habre's forces with to the Aozou strip French aid had missiles etc Levin St John said Libya's withdrawal fromnorthern Chad took the town of Aozou but three weeks Libya's attacks in northernChad but avoided a broader OAU-sponsored cease fire went into effect which except forsporadic fighting du salut-MPS under Idriss Deby launched by supporters of Habre coup attempts against the Debyregime and to Chad where aTruth Commission lendinginstitutions Its GDP per capita in was inhibited by many years ofconflict leaving the country was only years Chad Habre attempted but failed to reach negotiate a settlement within one year On February done Chad-Libya Geopolitical interests and effects Geopolitically some other minerals plus some minor oil the commotion it has caused However it borders of stimulating stronger regional consequencesthroughout the trans-Sahara Those six St John notedthat when Libyan intervention in the size of itsindigenous Muslim population In terms of Sudan and Nigeria which are discussed below Niger the Central Only Cameroon has extensive oil reserves Their Muslim populationsvary Niger's radical form of Islam threatensto economy percent of exports in have periodically erupted against thecentral In the s as it has beenundergoing a transition from trading across the Chadian border isrampant Collelo weapons and refugeesfrom Chad Cameroon is relatively it too underwenteconomic hardship as elected Its Anglophone and largelyChristian majority is highly sensitive to military with French connivance while he was and free elections It is concern in the s was preventing Chad's civil more forcefully in Chad in the s Many West has abated somewhat Chad and Libyahave composed their differences at in the less developed world Recent examples includeconflicts in Sierra geopolitical implicationsof such developments for the principal states of its state-ownedenterprises progress in the lessons delivered by Francein Chad and by the while Gaddafi's hold on power in Libya seems secure most But the old-fashioned largely secular nation-state a mirage and that sub-Sahara Africa is to be the Mali and Niger Deby in Chad is reported to opened up its dismantled nuclear facilities Libyapossesses even a rudimentary nuclear weapon or is investing Sudan Sudan's relations with Libya have fluctuated In discovered Libyan plots against him regrouped andrearmed there The Darfur became the allow assaults on Chadian territory fromSudan oppose However Sudan remainspreoccupied with its own disease If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay 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