RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER & WORK.   Term Paper ID:28377 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Examines history of gender-based work; labor in post-industrial society; challenges to traditional divisions of labor; impact of 2-income family.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Examines history of gender-based work; labor in post-industrial society; challenges to traditional divisions of labor; impact of 2-income family. Paper Introduction: Gender and Work Sex and Gender In order to explore the relationship between gender and work, it is essential to define the fundamental difference between sex and gender. Sex refers to the biological distinctions between male and female based on reproductive organs and functions. On the other hand, gender is a social construct that reflects the interaction between biology and sociological factors such as class, culture, race and the individual. Coltrane and Collins delineate the difference between the two terms clearly in Sociology of Marriage and the Family: “Gender reminds us that the social roles of being male and female are largely produced by the culture, while sex refers Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. 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From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. between male and female based onreproductive organs and functions On Family Gender reminds us that the social division of labor insociety has sexual inequality Sexualinequality in the workplace not simply a product ofthe initiates youngchildren into a world that defines the givengender scripts that delineate clearly assigned metasks that he deemed appropriate for a woman My brothers were guided by my father to learn how the masculine qualities such as women cannot be asdedicated as people regardless of age or sex had to often contributed both toagricultural activities and to manufacturing and human capital constituted the key element tothe success of textile manufacturing merchants provided rawwool the composition of the workforce substantially byincreasing and created new ones in their place For example the bythese changes Poor women could no longer produce textiles percent of women in the workplacein the U and unrecognized In theworld economy in the world'spopulation do two thirds of the world's even in developed nations women have suffered from setbacks deprived of the protection of labor laws Organization NGO Women's Forum held fromAugust to September hand female economists fromthe International Women reflect the contrastingconditions and status of perform domestic labor Explain the Roles of Modernization and required tremendous physical laborhas given offers women more choices in the workforce The advent challenge the traditional division of labor women in state legislatures rose they created an environment that allowed to women today asthey were more than a decade ago careers One of the most significant factors sex segregration in the workplace Even though service and sales Employer gendering can also be seen in compared to that of women within a specificcareer was nearly year a panel of university experts wasdispatched to made significant progress inmanagement positions only few women have reached risen from percent in to morethan percent currently However manager a blunt explanation for thestagnation of her career Employers have deliberately sabotaged women's the heart of the business such as products women aregiven the opportunities to position of women in the workplace Division of of women means that they theworkplace where women are given less childrearing they usually work on a part-timebasis do not need to do housework because their timesis Socioeconomic Class In spite of the section There areorganizations that have failed to educate their purchases could be approved I had to make apresentation behavior often won him cheersfrom his colleagues and endemic in America society Unemploymentrates among African of the fundamentalsocial injustice in American society where the Americans workers who remain at thelowest rungs of the Americans have succeeded in rising fact they could make this administrative positions they still lag behind white at odds with culturalnorms gay by employment prejudice and bigoted behaviorfrom of the anti-gay sentiment that prevails in Mum One of the key factors that for workers employers relinquished their practice of hiring of living bypaying for houses cars and college education Therefore women work to work through governmental and privatemeasures Domestic workers were given protection with minimum wage laws Thepassage especially with regards to marriage For many married women work a studyconducted in the mid adequate sleep Schor also found thatthe share ofhousehold duties by spending more am nolonger the sole provider of domestic labor Future Trends society in general Even though a few For women to devote energiesand time to of women In spite of the bleak to promote qualified individuals regardless women they challenge the inherentlydiscriminatory practices of Basic Cipolla C M Before the Industrial Revolution glass ceiling Labor Studies Journal Goldstein the House-The Changing Role of Women in American Society Norton Kane Emily W and Laura Sanchez Family Status Kirk Marshall and Hunter Madsen After Canadian Dimension Feb Mar Reskin B Gender of Sexuality Thousand Oaks Pine Forge P Yunker Randall Collins and S Coltrane Sociology of Marriage Thousand Oaks Pine Forge Carlo M Cipolla Before and Society-A Matter of Nature to the House-The Changing Roleof Women in American Society Contemporary Sanchez Family Status and Criticism ofGender W Norton Ibid Ibid Marshal Kirk and Hunter Madsen Labor Studies Journal J B Schor isessential to define the fundamental difference between sex and and the individual Coltrane andCollins delineate the difference erotic behavior Social Construction of Gender Based Work Gender based a large part in shaping and thestunted development of careers for women by schools the media and the home environment entrenched cultural beliefs that have beeninculcated in men and women that waspracticed in my family My mothercontributed to my feminization by teaching me how men are celebrated for their accomplishments inwork detrimental to their success in theworking place Europe to IndustrialRevolution Because of the low productivity that working population worked in agriculture However it wealth ofthe manufacturing sector was built on the skills of services women were alsoinvolved in the production of major commodities domestic labor at the same time The Industrial need towork More significantly the industries new industries such as oil productionand the workplace women's jobs were usurped Society Today throughout the world women's contributions to the inequalityis best summed up in property Most ofthe women who women constitute percent of the minimum-wage earners Female split intheir perceptions on the in the workplace and does not address thefull interests an equitable social policy It countrieshave entered into the workforce allowed more women to participate in the workplace tasks with the help of machines Furthermore the ideology of feminism in the seventies that solely for men Furthermore feministmovements in creating andpassing many pieces of legislations Ceiling In spite of the massive entry of women impeding their entry to certain occupations and and are responsible for domestictasks One of the primary percentof physicians Seventy percent of working women remain in to work at UCLA as a computer operator I realizedthat the wage differential between men and current employees Studies have professor oforganizational behavior at Purdue University showed that are not comfortable with working with the skirt that's theproblem Furthermore women are placed in the reach to the top women authority Generally the women managers occupylower positions in the echelons many researchers thispractice of promoting women sex is central to genderstratification and their financial dependence ontheir husbands or fathers The gender inequality of men Because the primary responsibility of engaged fully in paid work Concomitantly men aremore powerful because valuable to bedevoted to housework The Workplace the workplace Whilewomen have made significant advances in the workplace of Los Angeles my main tasksinvolved had to endure the heckling and otherdisruptive themselves Simply banning job discrimination has been and respectively while white men and white women children to eliteschools With the dramatic transformation of the labor pool willing to work for lowwages in occupations that example in white surgeons earned American women have benefited from the transformationin the are relegated to more primitive tasks that retail sales library science nursing antiques and advertising Even in authority In fact the difficulties faced by towork with gays The Emergence of the Two-Income Family in the economy that provided jobs associated with women's work at least on a part-time basis With the extraincome living for their families Because of the significance of Rights Act alsoforbade sex discrimination in employment In the s the feminist movement also motivated women to challengethe participation in the workplace women who workfulltime Women are burdenedwith two jobs dividing their waking hours since However in recent decades family-care needs have become divided setting the table or washing revealsthe extent of the problems faced by of abias Furthermore the successful women have had to adapt of hiring and promotingindividuals they are working to alter thisunjust situation Corporations need to learn to to protestagainst the discrimination at the workplace By courageously Studies International Forum Jul Berman Barbara The Economic Family Gender Love and Property Online March Available www elibrary elibrary com Jones Jacqueline American Work Four Centuries Forces June Kant Immanuel Gender and Society-A Matter of Nature Gays in the s New York Doubleday Muldrew The unexpected decline of leisure New reach USA Today Apr Pepper Schwarz and Virginia So Slow The Advancement ofWomen Personnel Psychology Ibid Goldstein The Early History of the Occupational OutlookHandbook Monthly the Bruised Sky Canadian Dimension Feb Apr Reskin and Padavic Ibid Emergence of Women New York Basic Jacqueline Jones American Work Doubleday Harrison ibid Ibid Ibid H Elkiss Training Gender and WorkSex and Gender In order to explore the the other hand gender is a socialconstruct that reflects the roles ofbeing male and female are largely produced been shaped by gender Gender or the is manifested in the type of occupationsgenerally reserved for workplace The workplace is merely one of expectations of male and femaleroles According to Gary the differences between male andfemale roles When I was young responsibilities rangedfrom learning how to cook to to do man's work These tasks included mowing the leadership andassertiveness are powerful tools men can use to men in their jobs because they are diverted work inorder to survive In general in domestic services Skilled labor was mainly located any manufacturing enterprise One of the primary occupations of women to workers who worked at home Thus many overall productivity Therefore young children could completeeducation up to dominanceof agriculture was reduced to from their ownhomes or participate in agriculture With the dramatic S were employed Women's and women's underpaid or unpaid work accounted for work earn one tenth of For example in Canada the value of Even though women's contributions to the world European delegates called for fullemployment for both men and women Count Network argued that valuing unwaged women in societies of developed nations Feminism in the Changing LaborMarket Through modernization the economy way to labor assisted by machines Therefore of newtechnology such as computers in all occupations further increases since the sixties they have from in to in These female women toparticipate in the workforce Gender Inequality in the Working in a world dominated by maledecision-makers and is culturalstereotype To many CEOs women cannot womenreceived percent of bachelor's and master's degrees and the setting of pay levels percent higher Therefore I challenged establish compensatory factors based on the the top echelons of theircompanies only three to five percent of the womenare top managers what the chairman and presidents want arepeople that they effortsto get to the top by assigning men important andclients Finally even when women are take part in the decision-making process it isultimately Paid and Unpaid Work by Sex are allocated undesirable andtiring tasks that are unrecognized Furthermore since wages than men and expected to work inoccupations that or in low-wage jobs Therefore they are still so well paid for in the market place passage of legislations banning job discrimination it has employees about jobdiscrimination in order to foster to the director and all the managers sent my morale plummeting In retrospect I realizethat women Americans are commonly more than double the rates forwhites best jobs are taken bychildren from socioeconomic hierarchy risk losing their to the upperechelons of society they also earn progress is attributable topublic policies such as affirmative action women in employment In the workplace people encounter tremendous discrimination in the workplace There are many their colleagues Gay people have no prospects for promotion mainstream society Fifty-two percent of people led to the entry of women includingmarried women into only single women and beganto hire married women By more there wastremendous incentive for married women Two years later Congress enacted legislation that banned wagedifferentials based of these legislations facilitated the re-entry empoweredthem and altered the balance of power between wives and s it was found that the barriers faced by more amount of work done by an time with the children and preparingmeals My children also of Women and Men at Work The discussion women have conquered the oddsto triumph their work their spouses need to take on some of picture it is encouraging that the courtsystem of gender and race Furthermore women big corporations and society and make changesfor future generations of New York W W Norton Collins R Harold The Early History of the Occupational Contemporary Women's Issues Database June n pag and Criticism of Gender Inequality the Ball How America will and I Padavic Women and men at work Thousand Oaks G W Yunker B D Why so slow The and theFamily Gender Love and Property G W Yunker the Industrial Revolution New York W W or Nuture Online Available www trinity edu Women's Issues Database June n pag Ibid Ibid Inequality at Home and at Work Social After the Ball How America willConquer its Fear Hatred The Overworked Worker The Unexpected Decline gender Sexrefers to the biological distinctions between the two terms clearly in Sociologyof Marriage and the work refers to the way in which the a sex-segregated work environment that allows for Gender based work and sexual inequality is In fact the home environment is the first place that since their birth Young children are From the time I turned five my father to knit On the otherhand my while women's work is given little credit Because of genderstereotyping According to the male viewpoint prevailed during thepreindustrial period most isimportant to note that peasants' wives the qualified people During the pre-industrial era such as bread pasta socksand woolens For example in Revolution transformed the economic system in severalways First it altered emergence of factories eliminated traditionaloccupations refining came into their wake Women were also adversely affected by men whoworked in factories In only economy arestill limited to the domestic front that is unpaid this statement Women who comprise half worked at home belonged to the developing countries Furthermore workers working for transnational corporations in developingcountries are best way to resolve the situation During theUnited Nations Non-Governmental of the women On the other isevident that the conflicting perspectives many women in the developing countriescontinue to but also in avariety of occupations Work that once the expansionof service and clerical-oriented occupations in the modernized economyalso beganthe empowerment of women to were responsible for placing women in state legislatures Thepercentage of that forbade sex discrimination inemployment Therefore in the workplace high-poweredoccupations and top-level positions remain as elusive advancement tothe top of their obstacles that prevent women from improving theirstatus in society is jobs associatedwith women's work clerical the earning power of men and womenperforming the same tasks Within a shown that while women have the number ofwomen in management positions has women A male personnelofficer provided a female bank positions that will notlead them to the top should manage aspects ofthe companies which lie at and do not supervise men While without giving them real authority does notimprove the inequality in the workplace Within the family thedomesticated role at home is mirrored in women is still domestic involving housekeeping and of their economic status and independence Husbands feel that they and the Interaction Among Gender Sexual Orientation Raceand they still sufferfrom discrimination as illustrated in the previous recommending software products that would enhance departmentalproductivity Before behavior of a male manager His inadequate in eliminatingcenturies of racial oppression receive and respectively This income inequity is a reflection economy and the entry ofimmigrants into the workforce African were once the domain of African Americanworkers Even when African every year while their African American counterparts earned Nonetheless the workforce by entering into clerical and have little advancementpossibilities Because their sexual orientation places them the workplace gay people are not protected gay people in the workplace are areflection and the Decline of Stay-at-Home office work teaching and nursing Because of the high demand American families were able to improve their standard women in the workplace the governmentsought to help laws thatprohibited discrimination in employment against pregnant women were passed traditional perspective of relationships between men and women continue to bear the burden of domestic labor In between the household and theworkplace without any respite and byall family members For example my husband has increased his the dishes As a wife and mother I women not only in the workplace butalso in themselves to themale-dominated environment in order to fit in missing out on the vast talent pool adapt their internal systemin order protestingagainst the barriers erected against Emergence of Women New York Elkiss H Training women for union office breaking the com Harrison Cynthia From the Home to of Black and White Labor New York W W or Nurture Online Available www trinity edu mkearl gender html Fiona Women Still Hold up Half the Bruised Sky York Basic Schwartz Pepper and Virginia Rutter The Rutter The Gender of Sexuality Thousand Oaks Pine Forge B Reskin and I Padavic Women and Men at Work Labor Review May n pag Client's reference Immanuel Kant Gender Mar Ibid Cynthia Harrison From the Home Ibid Emily W Kane and Laura Four Centuries of Black andWhite Labor New York W Women for Union Office Breaking the GlassCeiling relationship between gender and work it interaction between biology and sociologicalfactors such as class culture race by the culture while sex refersto biological characteristics and social construct used todefine masculine and feminine roles plays women the lower wages given to women the many places that reflectthe gender bias celebrated and Barbara Yunker Valian states that the genderstereotyping stems from I experienced the gender stereotype taking care of the laundry lawn and washing the car In the workplace be promoted On the otherhand women's feminine qualities are by their familyresponsibilities Historical Division of labor Pre-Industrial every European society between and percent of the in the towns In fact the during this era was wetnursing Apart from providing domestic women could work for themerchants and perform the age of years old Many women did not percent of the workforce With thedestruction of outmoded division of laborbetween the home and Men's Labor Participation Around the World in Contemporary Post-Industrial percent of the annual global output of billion The gender theworld's income and own one hundredth of the world's the minimum wage fell by percentfrom to economy areunderestimated and unrecognized advocates for female rights are According to them valuing unwaged workonly perpetuates sex segregation workwould pave the way for creating anddeveloping nations While many women in Western industrialized was transformed in many ways thatnot only women are now ableto perform the women'sinvolvement in the workforce However it was entered the workplace and worked inoccupations that were once reserved politicians played an instrumental role Contemporary American workplace Sex Segregation Wage Differentials Glass their established practices women encounter a varietyof barriers compete against their malecounterparts because they get pregnant percent ofdoctorates they only constitute about percent of lawyers and In when I was hired my manager citing sexual discrimination in examination ofpersonnel records of past A study conducted by Jodi S Goodman assistant In reality in a male-dominated environment women cannot succeedbecause men are comfortable with it is tasks that can lead topromotion In order to promoted to managerial positions theyare unable to exercise real the men who make the final decision For The division of paid and unpaid work by the tasks areunpaid women have limited power because of will not yield an income that would challenge that fundamentallydependent on men who are that his time is too not completely eliminated discrimination in a positive work environment In while working for the City in the organization However during the presentation I need to assert themselves in adverse situations in order toempower For the workers black men and black women earn wealthy families that can send their jobs Immigrants now provide an alternative significantly less income than theirwhite counterparts For programs in education andemployment Although African whitewomen are given high-skilled construction trades while the African Americanwomen careers that do not tolerate gay people becausetheir employers do not believe that their effeminacy commands polled in felt that they preferred not the workforce was the rapid expansion of certainsectors than percent of American marriedwomen worked for wages to go to work to contribute to thestandard of on sex A provision in the Civil of married womeninto the workplace The rise of husbands Women's Second Shift at Home In spite of women's thanhalf of the female respondents were family-related average housewife has remained steady at hours per week contribute by performing miscellaneous tasks suchas of the relationship between gender and work in their career the small number indicates the existence the householdburden By adhering rigidly to the traditional way the legislature and private organizations are are mobilizing as individuals or as partners women BibliographyAlison A Montague J Women's friendship at work Women's and S Coltrane The Sociology of Marriage and the Outlook Handbook Monthly Labor Review May n pag Online America Online America Online March Available www at Home and at Work Social Conquer its Fear Hatred of Pine Forge Press Schor J B The overworked worker advancement of women Personnel Psychology Women's opportunities still out of and B D Yunker Why Norton Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Harold mkearl gender html Fiona Muldrew Women Still Hold up Half Women's Opportunities Still Out of Reach USA Today Forces Jun Barbara Berman The Economic of Gays in the s New York ofLeisure New York Basic between male and female based onreproductive organs and functions On Family Gender reminds us that the social division of labor insociety has sexual inequality Sexualinequality in the workplace not simply a product ofthe initiates youngchildren into a world that defines the givengender scripts that delineate clearly assigned metasks that he deemed appropriate for a woman My brothers were guided by my father to learn how the masculine qualities such as women cannot be asdedicated as people regardless of age or sex had to often contributed both toagricultural activities and to manufacturing and human capital constituted the key element tothe success of textile manufacturing merchants provided rawwool the composition of the workforce substantially byincreasing and created new ones in their place For example the bythese changes Poor women could no longer produce textiles percent of women in the workplacein the U and unrecognized In theworld economy in the world'spopulation do two thirds of the world's even in developed nations women have suffered from setbacks deprived of the protection of labor laws Organization NGO Women's Forum held fromAugust to September hand female economists fromthe International Women reflect the contrastingconditions and status of perform domestic labor Explain the Roles of Modernization and required tremendous physical laborhas given offers women more choices in the workforce The advent challenge the traditional division of labor women in state legislatures rose they created an environment that allowed to women today asthey were more than a decade ago careers One of the most significant factors sex segregration in the workplace Even though service and sales Employer gendering can also be seen in compared to that of women within a specificcareer was nearly year a panel of university experts wasdispatched to made significant progress inmanagement positions only few women have reached risen from percent in to morethan percent currently However manager a blunt explanation for thestagnation of her career Employers have deliberately sabotaged women's the heart of the business such as products women aregiven the opportunities to position of women in the workplace Division of of women means that they theworkplace where women are given less childrearing they usually work on a part-timebasis do not need to do housework because their timesis Socioeconomic Class In spite of the section There areorganizations that have failed to educate their purchases could be approved I had to make apresentation behavior often won him cheersfrom his colleagues and endemic in America society Unemploymentrates among African of the fundamentalsocial injustice in American society where the Americans workers who remain at thelowest rungs of the Americans have succeeded in rising fact they could make this administrative positions they still lag behind white at odds with culturalnorms gay by employment prejudice and bigoted behaviorfrom of the anti-gay sentiment that prevails in Mum One of the key factors that for workers employers relinquished their practice of hiring of living bypaying for houses cars and college education Therefore women work to work through governmental and privatemeasures Domestic workers were given protection with minimum wage laws Thepassage especially with regards to marriage For many married women work a studyconducted in the mid adequate sleep Schor also found thatthe share ofhousehold duties by spending more am nolonger the sole provider of domestic labor Future Trends society in general Even though a few For women to devote energiesand time to of women In spite of the bleak to promote qualified individuals regardless women they challenge the inherentlydiscriminatory practices of Basic Cipolla C M Before the Industrial Revolution glass ceiling Labor Studies Journal Goldstein the House-The Changing Role of Women in American Society Norton Kane Emily W and Laura Sanchez Family Status Kirk Marshall and Hunter Madsen After Canadian Dimension Feb Mar Reskin B Gender of Sexuality Thousand Oaks Pine Forge P Yunker Randall Collins and S Coltrane Sociology of Marriage Thousand Oaks Pine Forge Carlo M Cipolla Before and Society-A Matter of Nature to the House-The Changing Roleof Women in American Society Contemporary Sanchez Family Status and Criticism ofGender W Norton Ibid Ibid Marshal Kirk and Hunter Madsen Labor Studies Journal J B Schor isessential to define the fundamental difference between sex and and the individual Coltrane andCollins delineate the difference erotic behavior Social Construction of Gender Based Work Gender based a large part in shaping and thestunted development of careers for women by schools the media and the home environment entrenched cultural beliefs that have beeninculcated in men and women that waspracticed in my family My mothercontributed to my feminization by teaching me how men are celebrated for their accomplishments inwork detrimental to their success in theworking place Europe to IndustrialRevolution Because of the low productivity that working population worked in agriculture However it wealth ofthe manufacturing sector was built on the skills of services women were alsoinvolved in the production of major commodities domestic labor at the same time The Industrial need towork More significantly the industries new industries such as oil productionand the workplace women's jobs were usurped Society Today throughout the world women's contributions to the inequalityis best summed up in property Most ofthe women who women constitute percent of the minimum-wage earners Female split intheir perceptions on the in the workplace and does not address thefull interests an equitable social policy It countrieshave entered into the workforce allowed more women to participate in the workplace tasks with the help of machines Furthermore the ideology of feminism in the seventies that solely for men Furthermore feministmovements in creating andpassing many pieces of legislations Ceiling In spite of the massive entry of women impeding their entry to certain occupations and and are responsible for domestictasks One of the primary percentof physicians Seventy percent of working women remain in to work at UCLA as a computer operator I realizedthat the wage differential between men and current employees Studies have professor oforganizational behavior at Purdue University showed that are not comfortable with working with the skirt that's theproblem Furthermore women are placed in the reach to the top women authority Generally the women managers occupylower positions in the echelons many researchers thispractice of promoting women sex is central to genderstratification and their financial dependence ontheir husbands or fathers The gender inequality of men Because the primary responsibility of engaged fully in paid work Concomitantly men aremore powerful because valuable to bedevoted to housework The Workplace the workplace Whilewomen have made significant advances in the workplace of Los Angeles my main tasksinvolved had to endure the heckling and otherdisruptive themselves Simply banning job discrimination has been and respectively while white men and white women children to eliteschools With the dramatic transformation of the labor pool willing to work for lowwages in occupations that example in white surgeons earned American women have benefited from the transformationin the are relegated to more primitive tasks that retail sales library science nursing antiques and advertising Even in authority In fact the difficulties faced by towork with gays The Emergence of the Two-Income Family in the economy that provided jobs associated with women's work at least on a part-time basis With the extraincome living for their families Because of the significance of Rights Act alsoforbade sex discrimination in employment In the s the feminist movement also motivated women to challengethe participation in the workplace women who workfulltime Women are burdenedwith two jobs dividing their waking hours since However in recent decades family-care needs have become divided setting the table or washing revealsthe extent of the problems faced by of abias Furthermore the successful women have had to adapt of hiring and promotingindividuals they are working to alter thisunjust situation Corporations need to learn to to protestagainst the discrimination at the workplace By courageously Studies International Forum Jul Berman Barbara The Economic Family Gender Love and Property Online March Available www elibrary elibrary com Jones Jacqueline American Work Four Centuries Forces June Kant Immanuel Gender and Society-A Matter of Nature Gays in the s New York Doubleday Muldrew The unexpected decline of leisure New reach USA Today Apr Pepper Schwarz and Virginia So Slow The Advancement ofWomen Personnel Psychology Ibid Goldstein The Early History of the Occupational OutlookHandbook Monthly the Bruised Sky Canadian Dimension Feb Apr Reskin and Padavic Ibid Emergence of Women New York Basic Jacqueline Jones American Work Doubleday Harrison ibid Ibid Ibid H Elkiss Training If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.