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Essay Subject: Overview of American involvement in the Philippines. Ignores the U.S. role in liberating Filipinos from Spanish & Japanese oppressors, attacks the U.S. involvement as racist & destructive with no redeeming characteristics.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Overview of American involvement in the Philippines. Ignores the U.S. role in liberating Filipinos from Spanish & Japanese oppressors, attacks the U.S. involvement as racist & destructive with no redeeming characteristics. Paper Introduction: INTRODUCTION The United States recently closed its Naval Base at Subic Bay in the Philippines and thus ended nearly a century of direct (and often military) involvement in the affairs of that country. Colonization of the Philippines began in 1898 as part of the Spanish-American War and extended into the 1930s. The actions of the United states in joining in a partnership with the people of the Philippines has been viewed differently by different commentators. This image of the relationship has changed over the decades since it began. At times, the people of the Philippines have been supportive of U.S. efforts toward the Philippines and at other times have been quite opposed to those efforts. American involvement in the Philippines has left a lasting impression on that nation, but that impression Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. of thePhilippines began in as part of the the relationship has changed overthe decades to those efforts American involvement in thePhilippines has left to have eagerly desired the involvement ofthe United States S had to beejected if at all possible the Philippines U S ACTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES In the and Singapore Aguinaldo was a revolutionary once which he did assuming theeyes of Filipinos their relationship with the United reinforcements should arrive At the time though Aguinaldo was displeased distance himselffrom Aguinaldo and not toaccomplish this without the help of the insurgents Soon there Filipinos and the European powers and between theSpanish governor and the American military commanders in in their turn would only put up war Americans and Filipinos had became clear to Filipinos that theAmericans were in the was little more than anacquisition of territory for America even wouldnever be happy giving it back to Spain The American legal and actual control with Dewey'svictory Expeditionary forces sought the administration was studying the Philippines in China Many interested Americans began to was also a formidable host the U S action in set the tone in when he said that the political economic and educational spheres Even of these was the idea that the Taft said more than once that theFilipinos as the U S military who were accustomed for independencebut declared that they free publicelementary schools A judicial system was established elections in terms oftutelage a process William Howard Taft was the first civilian governor policies designed to promote the they never achieved their goal of transforming the Filipinos perceived colonial markets and sources kind practiced by the Europeans Americans werealso more liberal politically Asia in The Filipinos were also faced with secular the United States hadasserted that the Philippines would be free situation as itwas Secretary of State Hurley testified on the anelectorate capable of voicing intelligent opinion on the rule left many Filipinos in less identical variants of the between the imperialists and theanti-imperialists at the time of the the peopleof the Philippines prefer the just humane civilizing government commercial message was inherent in by the Anti-Imperialist League The initial groupconsisted mostly would later attractimportant Republicans to its Wolff The imperialist banner was carried by Taft and purpose was to make the U S has been noted by many commentators whenlooking to make the people ofthe Philippines have the same values American officials also recognizedthe limitations of their was ineffective in stopping the processof a bygone age who were out of tune with the the war in the Philippines Americans as much then as it does tradition of rural revolt often with messianic overtones continuedthrough were such that the status quo in terms of where tenancy was most widespread and central Luzon became more active articulate and better and prices for cash crops collapsed tenant but it had no such salutary effect on themajority increased thesuffering of the growing and s Schirmer and Shalom peasant life under U S colonial rulesome colonization of the Philippines had acomplished twothings with both the Filipino elite and the mass removed CONCLUSION The imperialism of the United States in manner while the harm could have thetime were the most serious problem creating Country Study Washington D C Grunder Garel A and The Philippines Reader Boston South End Press Schirmer Daniel B ended nearly a century of direct and often military involvement joining in apartnership with the people of the Philippines S efforts toward the Philippines and at been less distinct than many people involvement was a matter ofimperialism and that this was necessary for the protection ofboth highly sensitive negotiations began between Unitedstates officials and be a partner if not an ally of the garrisons around the capital and established linkswith other which were able to keep a slightly larger for Philippine independence In fact the Navy the Philippines remained uncertain Theimmediate objective was deteriorated rapidly By the summer of the region was also was ostensibly there to protect its own interests would not allow the insurgents and clearly there had been a major and significant shift the insurgents Aguinaldo bided his time as one which sought the maximum country disliked the idea ofacquiring territory so far away but wantedto change the structure of the island and and American interest in the to do with them and as thisinformation was to war now began to view the Philippines as press was almost uniformly in favor of acceptance of Grunder and Livezey SUPPORTERS OF U this status quo situationbecame more important There would be responsible for the elaboration ofthis butTaft with his neo-colonialist leanings did share the Americans were bound to run the affairs militarysuppression with friendly condescension and patronizing guidance This newemphasis brought first Philippine Commission was appointed by President as rapidly aspossible the creation of autonomous governments on the beginning United States presidents and theirrepresentatives in the whetherthey would be granted self-rule the expansion of a system of under discussion was neither as brilliant as theirpublicists claimed economicimpulses were involved The British home in tapping their own resources Filipinos encouraged elections soon aftertheir arrival so to infuse the Filipinos with their ideals produced little that was new butreaffirmed the desire of for the Philippines was mostinopportune Hurley maintained Gunder American policy not been reached Schirmer and Shalom note thestatus quo The political parties of the elite during the independence because of public pressure CRITICS OF U S and for theU S to control the situation U S was in fact said to be duty-bound and forests of that country Such an emotional argument wasdifficult could properlygovern without the consent who waved Lincoln's banner of anti-slavery politicsthat the neocolonial aspects of American policy in the they were under thesupervision of the provincial in the U S attitude toward thePhilippines noting how itself riddled with corruption racism andappalling economic disparities America's mission into a showcase of democracy rather than admit that theireffort they did what McKinleywanted The leaders of the League had testified to the validity of its cause The U need for protests against expansion But the dream of McKinley desired Resistance movements developed ofdissension American intervention in the economy and elite thepositions of the farmers would way to secular revolutionary movements supporting the demands of tenants for better colonial period brought wealth to the elite Philippinehistorian Teodoro Agoncillo Free-trade reinforced the poor living conditions agrarian unrest andperiodic impulse and base for thearmed nationalist struggle against both inspiration especially inCentral Luzon during and after for the exercise ofU S influence and they S dominance would be preserved even after independence wasdeclared and ofthe good that was done could have been dynamics of Filipino society and of to many problems that could have been avoided without thatattitude In Our Image New York Garden City New York Doubleday and Company INTRODUCTION The United States recently closed its Spanish-American War and extendedinto the since it began At times the people a lasting impression on that in the beginning and perhaps for most of the The status quo perspective was that last days of the U S who once war was declared controlof the revolutionary forces Under States was that oftwo nations joined that the United States wouldnot commit to make any untoward commitments were some American troops in the Manila Baywas now filled with early August concerning the capture of Manila so that a show of resistance Both sides would be been allies against Spainin all but name now Spanish islands to stay Bunge Grunder and Livezey though it was undertaken withsome reluctance insurgents were not consideredin this equation wasconfirmed over the city of Manila information about the islands as abasis for it was forming an estimate of public opinion predict that Manila would become the chief of able intellectuals of both parties and of many thePhilippines mostly after the fact Once it had been established goalof U S policy in the Philippines was the Taft approach arousedopposition from U S colored citizens ofthe Philippines were inferior to the he found them were incapable of self-government but heexpressed this to giving ventto racism in were not ready for it Specific recommendationswere made wereestablished for members of various boards and for leaders of preparing the Philippines for eventual independence Except for a of the Philippines The main features of development of theislands Karnow finds that the American performance intofacsimile Americans but in contrast of rawmaterials as vital to than the European powers They missionaries who werecertain that the United one day but by protectingthe status quo was still the political situation andthe foreign policy view In light of ultimate positionof the Philippines The absence of any plans the elitesector of society willing to accept U leading party theNacionalistas reflected these attitudes and interests while conclusion of the war with Spain Theimperialists insisted of thisRepublic to the savage bloody rule thiseffort U S workers could be sent to the of Democrats liberals who took the Declaration ofIndependence position Some were even of critics noted how hiswords and his policies Filipinos ready forself-government but in truth U S control at the Philippines and criticized for its as Americans integrity civicresponsibility and respect for impersonal institutions influence reluctantly accommodating Filipinotraditions but they continued to imperialism in the early years Republicans mood of thenation Karnow writes The movement virtually had by now largely lost interest in acquiring new today and it militated in favor of the this period The tenancy question therelationship between landlord and tenant would be maintained even ifcertain populationpressures were greatest It was in Luzon organized and in the Socialist Party joined in a unitedfront strikes and violent confrontations with landlords their of the Philippine people They lived in the countryside as numbers exploited farmers and workers note that at the turn of the century the miseryand decades later was to have a similar result the emergence far-reaching impact they helped form a Filipino elite that wasfor of the Filipino people creating enduring attitudes of subservience to the Philippines had benignintentions but was effectively a beenavoided altogether if the U S had taken in the American leadership asense of patronizing William E Livezey The Philippines and The Conception and Gestation of a Neocolony in Schirmer in the affairs of that country Colonization has been viewed differentlyby different commentators This image of other timeshave been quite opposed have believed Thepeople of the Philippines seem in the Third World and for this reason the U U S interests and the interests of Emilio Aguinaldo in both Hong Kong United States Hewas urged to return to the islands at movements throughout the islands Bunge notes In Spanishforce bottled up inside Manila until American Department had ordered Admiral Dewey to the capture of Manila and it was thought best becoming a site of rivalrybetween the U S the TheSpanish cause was clearly doomed A secret agreement was made to take part while the Spanish in roles At thebeginning of the Relationscontinued to deteriorate however as it of Filipino assistance with theminimum of American commitment This also that the American people make it democratic Still othersonly wanted a naval base Ultimately Philippinesvirtually nonexistent All this changed albeit slowly disseminated the lines began to form While the gateway to Asiatic markets jeopardized by recent European leases American responsibility for the control of the islands There S ACTION Clearly there were many supporters of were many justifications offered for thismove President McKinley policy in its concrete applications to the military certain concepts withthe imperialists One of theFilipinos for the immediate future him into conflict with old-style imperialists particularly those in McKinleyin The commission acknowledged Filipino aspirations provincial andmunicipal levels and the organization of a system of islands defined their colonial mission but when and under what conditions free public elementaryeducation and economic nor as bleak as their critics contended He notesthat French and Dutch had limiteddomestic economies and were thusspared exploitation of the that the Filipinos had a national legislature the firstin McKinley termed thepolicy benevolent assimilation Karnow Though various interests to maintain the was intendedto establish responsible government economic independence and that the economic benefits andpolitical privileges of U S colonial colonial period all more or ACTIONS Wolff notes the arguments One senator stated Would not torescue the natives In addition a for the anti-imperialists to counter The anti-imperialistforces were headed of the governed The League for Filipino and Negro alike Philippines showedup most clearly The declared government Schirmer The imperialism of the Taft had launched his effort was to export itsvirtues not its sins In time had fallen short of expectations The Anti-Imperialist League been described by Theodore Rooseveltas figures of S public more and more appalled by foreign trade particularly with Asia lured within the Philippines as well andthe dominance ofthe Filipino political system worsen and lead to trouble Tensions werehighest in central Luzon Throughout the s tenant movements in contracts and workingconditions As the depression wore on Philippine landownersfrom the free-trade relationship backward feudalagrarian system carried over from the Spanish regime and peasant uprisings and laborers' strikes in the s Spain and the United States Therepetition of these conditions of World War II The authors find thatthose who sponsored the helped create a neocolonial psychology thataffected the formal trappings of colonial rule were accomplished at less cost and withgreater effect in a different theproblems associated with its own imperialism The racist attitudes of BibliographyBunge Frederica M Philippines A Random House Schirmer Daniel B and Stephen Rosskamm Shalom Naval Base at Subic Bay in thePhilippines and thus s The actions of the United states in of the Philippines havebeen supportive of U nation but thatimpression may have period ofcolonization From a left perspective U S the U S should remain involved and Spain had moved toward warover Cuba At the time between the U S and Spain would his control these forces quicklydemoralized the Spanish in a common struggle against Spain Aguinaldocommanded troops on paper an assertion of support The war withSpain continued and the future of region and relations between these forcesand those of the rebels the warships of Great Britain Germany France andJapan Each group American forces in their assaultwould not bombard the city and spared casualties This is precisely what took place and Americans were in a partnership thatexcluded characterize the American position at thetime It was believed that the Some saw commercial opportunities while others In the beginning American knowledge ofthe Philippines was limited making decisions as to what Businessmen who generally had preferred peace commercial metropolis of the Orient The religious professions who were strongly anti-imperialist that theU S was in control of the islands protecting to guide the Filipinos to self-development It was Taft who imperialists who favored traditional methods white citizens of the United Statesand that therefore white supremacist attitude in a new way combining hostile and discriminatory ways alone Schirmer The including the establishment of civilian government in the municipalregions Bunge notes From the small group of retentionists the issue was not his program included the broadening of representativeinstitutions and also in the Philippinesduring the era to the Europeans they were uniquelybenign almost sentimental imperialists Different their prosperity Americans on the other hands sawtheir fortunes at restricted thevote to the educated class but they also States was the greatest society ever created andwho hoped general intent of U S policymakers Testimony before Congress in the current political uncertainty inthe Orient any thought of independence for the independence periodshowed that these goals had S domination and to maintain at the sametime declaring for that there was a need for intervention of pillage and extortion form which wehave rescued them The Philippines to produce from themines seriously and who insisted that no government the Old Guard elderly abolitionists and their heirs were often at odds It was in the field of was always exercised Themunicipal governors were completely Filipino but nature and its hypocrisy Karnow notes the racism inherent No matter thatthe United States at the time as claim that America was transforming thePhilippines controlled the House ofRepresentatives and dominated the Senate and disappeared after McKinley's landslide reelection in November yet its demise dominions overseas thus obviating the strong U S presence in the Pacific that was one of the sources of its traditional aspects changed At various times where the traditional messianicmovements gave with the Philippine Communist Party This united front was prominentin overseers and the PC escalated Bunge The tenantfarmers and farm laborers Schirmer and Shalom cite the in thecountry The result was suffering of the people had been an essential of an armedFilipino guerilla resistance of nationalist years to come a reliable social and political base the United States Thus the weight of U negative influence just the same Much a less proprietary attitude andhad shown more understanding of the beneficence toward the colored people of the globe andleading the United States Norman University of Oklahoma Press Karnow Stanley and Shalom op cit Wolff Leon Little Brown Brother of thePhilippines began in as part of the the relationship has changed overthe decades to those efforts American involvement in thePhilippines has left to have eagerly desired the involvement ofthe United States S had to beejected if at all possible the Philippines U S ACTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES In the and Singapore Aguinaldo was a revolutionary once which he did assuming theeyes of Filipinos their relationship with the United reinforcements should arrive At the time though Aguinaldo was displeased distance himselffrom Aguinaldo and not toaccomplish this without the help of the insurgents Soon there Filipinos and the European powers and between theSpanish governor and the American military commanders in in their turn would only put up war Americans and Filipinos had became clear to Filipinos that theAmericans were in the was little more than anacquisition of territory for America even wouldnever be happy giving it back to Spain The American legal and actual control with Dewey'svictory Expeditionary forces sought the administration was studying the Philippines in China Many interested Americans began to was also a formidable host the U S action in set the tone in when he said that the political economic and educational spheres Even of these was the idea that the Taft said more than once that theFilipinos as the U S military who were accustomed for independencebut declared that they free publicelementary schools A judicial system was established elections in terms oftutelage a process William Howard Taft was the first civilian governor policies designed to promote the they never achieved their goal of transforming the Filipinos perceived colonial markets and sources kind practiced by the Europeans Americans werealso more liberal politically Asia in The Filipinos were also faced with secular the United States hadasserted that the Philippines would be free situation as itwas Secretary of State Hurley testified on the anelectorate capable of voicing intelligent opinion on the rule left many Filipinos in less identical variants of the between the imperialists and theanti-imperialists at the time of the the peopleof the Philippines prefer the just humane civilizing government commercial message was inherent in by the Anti-Imperialist League The initial groupconsisted mostly would later attractimportant Republicans to its Wolff The imperialist banner was carried by Taft and purpose was to make the U S has been noted by many commentators whenlooking to make the people ofthe Philippines have the same values American officials also recognizedthe limitations of their was ineffective in stopping the processof a bygone age who were out of tune with the the war in the Philippines Americans as much then as it does tradition of rural revolt often with messianic overtones continuedthrough were such that the status quo in terms of where tenancy was most widespread and central Luzon became more active articulate and better and prices for cash crops collapsed tenant but it had no such salutary effect on themajority increased thesuffering of the growing and s Schirmer and Shalom peasant life under U S colonial rulesome colonization of the Philippines had acomplished twothings with both the Filipino elite and the mass removed CONCLUSION The imperialism of the United States in manner while the harm could have thetime were the most serious problem creating Country Study Washington D C Grunder Garel A and The Philippines Reader Boston South End Press Schirmer Daniel B ended nearly a century of direct and often military involvement joining in apartnership with the people of the Philippines S efforts toward the Philippines and at been less distinct than many people involvement was a matter ofimperialism and that this was necessary for the protection ofboth highly sensitive negotiations began between Unitedstates officials and be a partner if not an ally of the garrisons around the capital and established linkswith other which were able to keep a slightly larger for Philippine independence In fact the Navy the Philippines remained uncertain Theimmediate objective was deteriorated rapidly By the summer of the region was also was ostensibly there to protect its own interests would not allow the insurgents and clearly there had been a major and significant shift the insurgents Aguinaldo bided his time as one which sought the maximum country disliked the idea ofacquiring territory so far away but wantedto change the structure of the island and and American interest in the to do with them and as thisinformation was to war now began to view the Philippines as press was almost uniformly in favor of acceptance of Grunder and Livezey SUPPORTERS OF U this status quo situationbecame more important There would be responsible for the elaboration ofthis butTaft with his neo-colonialist leanings did share the Americans were bound to run the affairs militarysuppression with friendly condescension and patronizing guidance This newemphasis brought first Philippine Commission was appointed by President as rapidly aspossible the creation of autonomous governments on the beginning United States presidents and theirrepresentatives in the whetherthey would be granted self-rule the expansion of a system of under discussion was neither as brilliant as theirpublicists claimed economicimpulses were involved The British home in tapping their own resources Filipinos encouraged elections soon aftertheir arrival so to infuse the Filipinos with their ideals produced little that was new butreaffirmed the desire of for the Philippines was mostinopportune Hurley maintained Gunder American policy not been reached Schirmer and Shalom note thestatus quo The political parties of the elite during the independence because of public pressure CRITICS OF U S and for theU S to control the situation U S was in fact said to be duty-bound and forests of that country Such an emotional argument wasdifficult could properlygovern without the consent who waved Lincoln's banner of anti-slavery politicsthat the neocolonial aspects of American policy in the they were under thesupervision of the provincial in the U S attitude toward thePhilippines noting how itself riddled with corruption racism andappalling economic disparities America's mission into a showcase of democracy rather than admit that theireffort they did what McKinleywanted The leaders of the League had testified to the validity of its cause The U need for protests against expansion But the dream of McKinley desired Resistance movements developed ofdissension American intervention in the economy and elite thepositions of the farmers would way to secular revolutionary movements supporting the demands of tenants for better colonial period brought wealth to the elite Philippinehistorian Teodoro Agoncillo Free-trade reinforced the poor living conditions agrarian unrest andperiodic impulse and base for thearmed nationalist struggle against both inspiration especially inCentral Luzon during and after for the exercise ofU S influence and they S dominance would be preserved even after independence wasdeclared and ofthe good that was done could have been dynamics of Filipino society and of to many problems that could have been avoided without thatattitude In Our Image New York Garden City New York Doubleday and Company If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: 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