"CULLODEN" (JOHN PREBBLE).   Term Paper ID:25225 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Reviews work on 18th Cent. Scottish rebellion against British Crown.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Reviews work on 18th Cent. Scottish rebellion against British Crown. Paper Introduction: In his book Culloden, historian John Prebble writes the story of a key event in Scottish history when a force under the leadership of the Duke of Cumberland entered Scotland and marched on Culloden Moor, where Prince Charles, also known as Bonnie Prince Charlie, fought back with a poorly armed force of 7,000. The British were better armed and better trained, and they repelled the would-be invader and the Scottish army he had gathered to assist him. Charles at the time was in retreat, and once his army was crushed, he was in full flight. He would remain a thorn in the side of the British Crown during his exile, but the Stuart cause ceased to be a real problem with the defeat of Charles by the Hanoverian rule of George II. The Jacobites wanted to return the Stuarts to power, and this was perhaps their boldest and last real attempt to overthrow Hanoverian rule and Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Charles at the time was in retreat, and once hisarmy was crushed, he was in full flight. At its worst, a soldier's life could still be better than the under-seam of London. [8]Prebble, 284-285. Scotland from 16 3 to the Present Day. When economic pressure, or the skills of the recruiters were not enough to fill the battalions, colonels followed their naval colleagues and used the press.[1]The soldier on the Scottish side was different. They lived in a caveand acted like Robin Hood's band. [4]George S. The Scots Jacobites had workedsince the defeat in 169 of "Bonnie Dundee" and his lieutenants to rallythe clan against the Revolution. Interestingly,this created a certain stock of Americans who would retaliate by fightingas a Highland Regiment against George III in the American Revolution.[8] There were other remnants of the rebellion that continued to fight inone way or another for some time. If the 1745 Revolution once had achance, that was lost by the time the depleted Scottish army was attackedat Culloden. Heled a band of freebooters in Lochaber for seven years after the Rebellion.As for other such freebooters, songs were written about him.[9] The Rebellion of 1745 failed in part because the in early battles,the British were simply better led. Prebble notes some of their exploits andthe fact that in the end, they simply disappeared from view so that thefate of only one of them is known, a man who went to Canada. [6]Margaret Forster, The Rash Adventurer (New York: stein and Day,1973), 146. King James the Second died in exile in 17 1, thirteen years after hisabdication. The march on Nairn did not continue to completion, however, for asthe army was within a mile of its goal, it became clear that they could notcross the Nairn and attack without being seen for some time before reachingthe enemy. It was in1715, however, that an event occurred which was unfavorable to the hopes ofthe Jacobites; namely, the death of Louis XIV of France, the patron ofJames VIII and III, the Old Pretender. [3]Katherine Tomasson and Francis Buist, Battles of the '45 (New York:Macmillan, 1962), 17. . Warlike sentiments werepart of the landscape among the clans, a patriarchal system fed by storiesof ancient valor and combat. One of the more interesting groups notedby Prebble was called The Seven Men of Glenmoriston. He had fought to regain his throne, but it had been futile.However, in the next 44 years, there would be five attempts to bring theStuarts back to the throne. Lord George did not want thearmy to mass at Culloden but at a place near Dalcross Castle, for he sawthat the moor was not the best place to meet the enemy, as he expressed itat the time: Not one single soldier but would have been against such a field had their advice been asked? However, they had avoided armedresistance even though the Jacobites were numerous and fervent. Prebble also notes much of what followed as Cumberland andhis men, the victors, were celebrated and rewarded in their homeland, whilemany of the prisoners they had taken were sent to the Colonies of NorthAmerica and the Caribbean to work as indentured servants. Anne was a Stuart,but since she produced no heir, the Crown passed to the ProtestantElectress Sophia of Hanover and her successors, excluding Anne's half-brother, James. New York: Macmillan, 1962.----------------------- [1]John Prebble, Culloden (New York: Penguin, 1996), 21. New York: stein and Day, 1973.Prebble, John. The Rash Adventurer. Another was their own reliance on foreign assistance: As the wealthiest and most populous of the three Kingdoms it was upon England that any hope of a stuart restoration finally depended, and to the majority of Englishmen such intervention was a gross interference in the nation's domestic affairs.[3]The Jacobites were actually useful to the French, and when the Frenchprovided military support, it was in order to support French interestsrather than those of the Stuarts. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1962.Tomasson, Katherine and Francis Buist, Battles of the '45. He refused to abandon RomanCatholicism for the sake of political expediency, and this was a handicapfor his followers. The armyhad massed at Culloden to wait for an attack. full use of their cannon so as to annoy the Highlanders prodigiously before they could possibly make an attack.[6]The decision to march to Nairn was made and accepted by all as a daringplan. TheParliament of 1715 thus had a majority supporting the house of Hanover. And finally Culloden moor, a last battle in the sleet.[5] This battle was fought by a Scottish army that was by then dog-tiredand depleted. The Jacobites wanted to return the Stuarts to power, and thiswas perhaps their boldest and last real attempt to overthrow Hanoverianrule and return the Stuarts to the throne. In the end, the decision to fight onthe moor at Culloden contributed to the defeat of the Scots, who were asexposed and vulnerable as Lord George feared. After this, the Stuart causeceased to be of significance. . However, he begins the story with the British marchfrom Nairn and examines the nature of military life at that time, a lifenot at all like the heroic tales often told of such battles and suchwarriors. Prebble shows that the two armies were made up of very differentsorts of soldiers. The battle produced its heroes, and it produced even more heroicstories and legends. [9]Ibid., 3 5.----------------------- 8 The chief of a clan was judged by hisattitude toward military issues and by his courage. The Hanoverian rulers remained on the throne, and theStuarts lacked the support to change that situation. Supporters of James were known as Jacobites. . . The element of surprise would thus be lost, so Lord Georgeordered the army to turn back.[7] Prebble details the subsequent battle at Culloden in a moment-to-moment description, bringing all the players into focus and showing how theleaders on both sides shaped the battle. The army was morevoluntary than in the British case, though societal pressures were clearlyinvolved: Every man and boy old enough or fit enough to carry arms was automatically a soldier in the regiment of the clan, his rank fixed by his social position . Another groupreferred to by Prebble was led by Iain Dubh Cameron, known as Big John. . George replaced themwith Whigs, who were adherents to the principles of the Revolution. James's daughter Anne was made queen in 17 2,but this did not assuage the supporters of the Stuarts. a plain moor where regular troops had . By this time, of course, thesoldiers were tired and not really prepared for the sort of battle they hadto fight. In his book Culloden, historian John Prebble writes the story of akey event in Scottish history when a force under the leadership of the Dukeof Cumberland entered Scotland and marched on Culloden Moor, where PrinceCharles, also known as Bonnie Prince Charlie, fought back with a poorlyarmed force of 7, . [5]Prebble, xiii. Culloden. New York: Penguin, 1996.Pryde, George S. Prebble tells the story of Culloden from the Scottish point of viewand relates the issues to questions of Scottish pride, sovereignty, andnational significance. [7]Ibid., 147. It fought its last battle at Falkirk before retreating north again to the Highlands . James wasnicknamed "The Blackbird" because he resembled his Italian mother, withdark eyes and a swarthy complexion. This plan was embraced by Prince Charles. It began like a romantic ballad in late summer, proceeded through the autumn in a spirited dance, stumbling at last on a foolhardy march into England and a bitter retreat. . The British were better armed and better trained,and they repelled the would-be invader and the Scottish army he hadgathered to assist him. BibliographyForster, Margaret. Itseemed that the new order was secure, but before the year ended, theJacobites staged a major insurrection. Brother fought beside brother, father by son, so that each might witness the other's courage and valor and find example in them.[2]It would seem from this description that the Scottish army was moremotivated by the cause involved than was the British army, but in the endthis added fervor did not mean success. While the Rebellionof 1745 may have been the closest the Stuarts came to regaining the throne,it was not close enough and in the end led to what is now seen as aninevitable defeat. George I was the first king of the house of Hanover, and he startedhis reign by dismissing the Tory ministers who had been involved in anintrigue to restore the exiled Stuarts to the throne. The new French government did notwant to meddle in British affairs, so little help could now be expectedfrom France.[4] George II was on the throne in 1745 when the Stuarts made their finalreal attempt to regain the throne, an attempt with ended at Culloden withthe defeat of the Scots: The 'Forty-five ran a stronger and, for a while, a more successful course than the Rebellions of 'Fifteen and 'Nineteen, but now in its failure seems inevitable from the start. [2]Ibid., 39. Pryde, Scotland from 16 3 to the Present Day (London:Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1962), 57. The plan had been to move from Culloden to Nairn to attackthe British at Nairn. He would remain a thorn in theside of the British Crown during his exile, but the Stuart cause ceased tobe a real problem with the defeat of Charles by the Hanoverian rule ofGeorge II. The abortive march to Nairn probably contributed to their lackof readiness and certainly wore them down even more than they had beenbefore. The British soldier was a professional brought to themilitary by one of several pressures: The most common was economic, the simple desire for food and clothing. The battle ended any real hopes Prince Charles mayhave had of attaining the throne, though he did continue to seek assistancefor some time after. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.