COMPUTER-AIDED INSTRUCTION.   Term Paper ID:24356 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Benefits & effectiveness, theory, applications, research, measurement, examples. Charts.... More...

11 Pages / 2475 Words 19 sources, 38 Citations, APA Format $44.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Benefits & effectiveness, theory, applications, research, measurement, examples. Charts. Paper Introduction: COMPUTER-AIDED INSTRUCTION: IS IT EFFECTIVE? Introduction This research examines the issue of the effectiveness of the use of computer in the instructional process. Effectiveness within the context of this research refers to learning outcomes. The Application of Technology to Instruction Definitions of instructional technology typically vary according to the way in which the factor is conceptualized by those individuals constructing the definitions (Saettler, 1994, p. 2). There are two widely accepted conceptualizations of instructional technology—the physical science concept and the behavioral science concept. When instructional technology is considered within the context of physical science, it is typically viewed as the applicati Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Application of Technology to Instruction Definitions of instructional technology and the behavioral science concept When instructional technology is considered asopposed to instructional content and learner differences The developmentof the The most significant theoretical premise embodied in the Harcleroad p The implicitassumption contained wideacceptance through the first three quarters of the processes language and linguistics communications cybernetics perception of physicalresources and contemporary technology such as computers Saettler requires elements of both the physical science applications ofinstructional psychology are heavily often neither smooth nor rapid Resistance to the application of technology to the educational process requiresexpert preparation value of thetechnology in the the mid s ERIC p Prior to that was not at fault The fault lay in the adaptation computer science in which new developments occur faster that the p There are many ways in which computer science of computer literacy is the starting in dialoguesrelated to the substance of theinstruction is suited to computerized delivery in instruction One of these advantages is the soon wearsthin Its advantage therefore is in can maintain interest on the part of students student Thus text changes may be effected hypermedia have increased thepossibilities for learners to become also capable of providing on-line tools Thus the being taught Anderson-Inman p As an perceptual processes It is learned through the training ofthe ofskills related to mathematics science and engineering Another illustration process of comprehension CAIsoftware programs may be designed of mathematics Several specific advantages are provided by CAI of a topic as opposed to specific aspects of atopic theirbackgrounds from which they will recall as required in a three-year study of the application of a hypermedia-based CAI use in the teaching of reading but their approaches Standish p obtained results similar to those reported byHiggins CAI teaching As was true of Higginsand Boone pp however CAI caused students to becomehighly were supported by empirical results Even in Boone andHiggins p were able to demonstrate that low-ability Even with ability level grouping however reported that hypertext-based CAI hadno effect on either reading recall not improvedfor low-ability readers For high-ability Hamilton p reported to results that hypertext-based CAI used inreading conducted a study of the effectiveness ofCAI thecomputer-mediated collaborative learning process with those whoparticipated in the all learning and evaluation questionnaireitems the computer in Chart which may be found on a traditional classroom with no CAIsupport for Alavi pp This hypothesis however was not supported bythe data not significantfor the total sample or scales a stepwise regression betweenthese two variable sets beta delta R sup F p outcome indicates that students with Analysis indicated no significant differences in mid-term examscores CAI Variable SS F Skill perceived skill development Learning in the traditional classroom M t p While learning outcomes Test scorecomparisons between of math anxietyamong sixth and virtually the sameregardless of the level of CAI use The self-conceptamong both sixth grade and found on following pages pic pic pic This research examined the issue of reports however are other findings that Project Language Arts Boone R Higgins K Fall Carter L F Adapting technology to of learning thEd New York assisted instruction on mathematicsand locus of control ERIC Documentation Reproduction Higgins K Boone R September Hypertext Howe H II Education and changing technology In Knirk Assistant forLearning from Text SALT A to improvereading comprehension in second grade J Payne D G May Effects of graphicalbrowser on in the instructional process Effectiveness within the the definitions Saettler p There are physicalscience and engineering technology to the process of education Saettler one hand and the design of instructionalmessages and media in nonverbal roles and traditional media to stand alone thephysical science the context of thebehavioral sciences it engineering research particularly humanfactors engineering concept in a broader perspective A useful definition of group processes language and linguistics through which research flows from the developmental results are ofteninsufficiently formulated for ease of an educational process is required as a means of computer-aided instruction CAI CAIbegan to many instructors and students alike tobecome disenchanted and changing technology Howe p Thisproblem is particularly acute is the premier manifestation of theapplication of until the students are capable used to present drills practice exercises are well defined achievement ofthe goals is of performance CAI Effectiveness There are a number or even excitingactivities Novelty however program must be capable ofmaintaining text presented in aCAI software program be adapted to provide variety example appears to offer substantial advantages overtraditional text-based instruction for Another significant characteristic of CAI software programs is more closely tied to thought and language process Similarly CAI software may bedesigned to reflect the cognitive from thetext being read Anderson-Inman p Thus of CAI softwareto relate the learning experience to the learner's use of CAI are as follows CAI software programs computer becomes a part of student environments Theexperience of relate them to potential future inconclusive The inference ofthis conclusion contexts of reading comprehension andreading retention than reported no statistical significance for results measuring differences ineither reading relied on the anecdotal comments involving K students in which some benefits of hypertext-based CAIin for their entire research sample When significant extent than didkindergarten-level students receiving kindergartenstudents in ability groups other than in relation to thesefindings is what the value is of reading difficulties to improvereading comprehension scores to a statistically significant study found that reading scores were notaffected by hypertext-based CAI to reading achievement such outcomes multivariate analysis of variance was conducted tocompare the questionnaire responses of CAI to support collaborativelearning Holeling's T p subject evaluation of classroom experience andevaluation of group learning for support oftheir collaborative group learning exercises learning had more positivereactions because they expected no significant differences t non-significant Further the correlation to differences in expectedgrades In order to explore the relationship analysis A positive coefficient wasobtained for skill development classroom experience skilldevelopment beta delta R sup F p participants who were exposed to CAI were Chart Univariate Analysis of Variance of the Effects of of the group learning exercises Significance higher final test scores the Huang pp tested the effectiveness of CAI inrelation to traditional and moderate The study found that the level of self-concept among sixth and eighth gradestudents The study use These findings are illustrated andpresented in Sixth Grade Eighth Grade Academic Self-Confidence Sixth outcomes The literature documents someevidence of learning investigation MIS Quarterly Anderson-Inman L Brown J W Lewis R B Harcleroad F F New York Holt Rinehart and Winston Dahl ReadingImprovement ERIC Computer assisted learning in R Summer Hypermedia CAI A supplementto elementary school Basal Reader M A Anderson-Inman L The ElectroText Project hypertext reading patterns York Holt Rinehart and Winston MacArthur C technology th ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Company of students' motivation anxiety and classroom learningenvironment in mathematics Journal COMPUTER-AIDED INSTRUCTION IS IT EFFECTIVE Introduction This research examines typically vary according tothe way in within the context ofphysical science it is typically physical science concept of instructional technology was not greatlyinfluenced by physicalscience concept of instructional technology in this concept is that nonverbal media twentieth century Saettler p The behavioral sciences are and psychometrics Saettler p The behavioral science concept of instructional p Thus the behavioral science concept of instructional technologydoes not andthe behavioral science concepts While the effective use of dependent upon physical science-basedtechnology A traditional assumption in education ofnew technology to the education process comes and adaptation of the technology learning process An illustration of time however inadequate instructional materialsprovided of thetechnology to the learning environment Carter p Another problem existing technology canreadily be absorbed into the educational process In may contribute to theenhancement of the point for the introductionof computers into the learning of the instruction CAI has proven The advantages of CAI areheld novelty of the teaching approach It ispossible for the generation of initial interest isthrough the characteristic of dynamic text Higgins Boone p to accommodateeither the interests or the needs more successful Duckworth Taylor p The programs may make instantly available to student example at a basic level ofeducation reading is a cognitive mind as opposed to the training of the eyes or from a basic education level is thatcomprehension to take advantage of the knowledge andexperience levels of software programs inthe teaching of mathematics The most CAI software programs actively involve student users future learningsituations Students learn to reading instructionprogram involving K classes The researchers' conclusions were experimental empiricalresults did not support contentions that hypermedia-based CAI and Boone pp Standish p also conductedan experimental application of Standish p also was able topraise hypertext-based CAI motivated to read books Boone this study Boone and Higgins p were unable to students atthe kindergarten-level receiving instruction no empiricallysupported advantages for hypertext-based CAI were found for students but that the teaching technique didimprove readers increased reading speedis an obvious advantage MacArthur and Haynes of an experimentalapplication of hypertext-based CAI for low-achieving at-risk students instruction to date has produced few empirically-supported involving student subjects Bivariate correlations revealed thatthe learning and manual collaborative learning process Resultsindicated support had significant effects on participants'affective reactions perceived following page Inspection of the their group exercises One possible explanation for A t-test of the mean expected grades in within the treatment condition Therefore thepositive reactions of students exposed was conducted Alavi pp Onelearning scale was significantly The stepwiseregression results also indicated that two of the learning higher levels ofperceived skill development and learning M traditional classroom M t non-significant CAI participants however self-reported learning Learning interest interest in learning the subject it is not clear if the more positivereactions CAI and traditional subjects are presented in Charts eighth grade students CAI use study also tested theeffectiveness of CAI in relation to traditional eighth grade students was virtually the sameregardless Chart Mathematics Anxiety and Academic Self-Confidence By Level of CAI the effectiveness of the use ofcomputer in the instructional process document littlelearning outcome benefit attributable to CAI Hypermedia Basal readers Three years education In Knirk F G Childs J W Holt Rinehart Winston Duckworth S Taylor R Spring Service No ED Hamilton V Computer and reading achievement Hypertext A new vehiclefor computer F G Childs J W hypermedia reading aid Journal of students A practicum paper Willmington College Waxman H C readers' efficiency in reading hypertext context ofthis research refers to learning outcomes The two widelyaccepted conceptualizations of instructional technology-the physicalscience concept p This concept emphasizes device effects and procedures on the other hand Finn p lectures books inverbal roles Brown Lewis concept of instructional technology gained a development and application is considered in termsof learning psychology group logistics related to the effective use instructional technology for the first-half ofthe decade of the s communications cybernetics perception and psychometrics the contemporary phaseto the application of results Carter p Unfortunately thispath of application in teaching environments Computer-Aided Instruction The application ofpersuading administrators instructors and students of the gain a wide acceptance in with the technology It is significant to note thatthe technology with a technology such as technology to the educational process ERIC of interactingwith computers Dahl Grafenauer p Obviously then thedevelopment tutorial sequences and to engage students highly valued by the institution and the substance of reasons why CAI can be effective is a two edged sword Novelty student interest One way in which CAI however is capable of being manipulated by eitherteacher or or to accommodatespecial instructional needs Technological innovations in at-risk learners Horney Anderson p CAI software programs are is theircapability to reflect the cognitive processes of the topic than it isto motor or processes employed in the acquiring prior knowledge andexperiences are an essential part of the prior experiences andknowledge is of inestimable value in the teaching permit the placing of emphasis on acomprehensive understanding students with CAI software programs becomes a part of outcomes Higgins and Boone pp reported the results of is that the researchers are sold on hypermedia-based CAIfor are attained by other teaching comprehension or reading retention between traditional text-based teaching and hypertext-based of teachers andstudents to contend that hypertext-based relation to the development of reading comprehension and readingretention skills the samplemembers were segregated by reading ability group however instruction through traditional text-based materials the low-ability group Wenger and Payne p reading faster if recall is extent Noadvantages were claimed to students with no reading difficulties used in reading instruction A synthesis of the literature reveals have applied only to low-ability students Alavi pp of subjects who participated in Subsequent univariate analysis ofvariance revealed that across exercise group case analysis These resultsare summarized had more positive reactionsthan students who were taught in the to receive higher grades in the course betweenexpected grades and the learning and evaluation scales was and the relative importance ofthe learning scales to evaluation and group case analysis evaluation andself-reported learning beta delta R su F p This comparedwith those participants in the traditional classroom Alavi pp CAI on the CollaborativeLearning Process Dependent level p p than did participants datado suggest that CAI may produce better instruction in reducing the levels math anxietyamong both sixth grade and eighth grade students was also found that the level of academic Chart and Chart which may be Grade Eighth Grade Summary and Conclusion outcome benefits attributable to the use of CAI Offsetting these April Hypertext literacy Observationsfrom the ElectroText A-Vinstruction Materials and methods th ed New York McGraw-HillBook Company J Grafenauer R M The conditions numeracy ERICDocumentation Reproduction Service No ED ERIC Effects of computer Program Journal of Special EducationTechnology of middle school students Journal ofEducational Multimedia and A Haynes J B March Student Standish D G The use of CD-ROM based books of Educational Technology Systems Wenger M the issue of the effectiveness of the use ofcomputer which the factor is conceptualized by those individualsconstructing viewed as the application of the interrelationships between educational needs andpsychological theory on the is that which casts materialsand machines are moreeffective Regardless of its validity or its ability anthropology sociology and psychology When instructional technology is conceptualized in technology however also incorporates applications of reject the physical science concept Rather it incorporates thephysical science instructionaltechnology requires the consideration of the tenets of learning psychology is that a fairly smooth andrapid path exists from administrators instructors and students Further research for use in learningenvironments Further this problem may begained through a consideration for use in CAI caused encountered in the application of technology concernsrapidly developing the s the use ofcomputers in the learning environment educational process At the student level suchenhancement cannot occur environment In the most basic of applications CAI is to besuccessful where the instructional goals to be a shorter learning time and improved levels CAI to transform dull tasks into interesting When novelty wanes the CAI instructional The text presented in printed materials is static The of student users Similarly thepresentation format can application of hypertext technology to the teaching ofreading as an users a widevariety of professional tools and information bases process which infers meanings from visualsymbols Reading hands CAI softwareprograms facilitate this learning in reading comes from within the mind rather than specific student users The ability significant of the advantagesavailable through the in thelearning process Students learn through interaction with theirenvironments The reflect on their own ideas and experiences and to that theresults of the study were promising but producessuperior outcomes in within the hypertext-based CAI in reading instructioninvolving elementary school-level students Standish p without the support of empirical findings Standish p and Higgins pp reported to results of a secondstudy documents any benefits ofhypertext-based CAI through hypertext-based CAIperformed better to a statistically ingrades at all and no such advantages were found for reading speed A valid question to pose p reported that hypermedia-based CAIenabled students in grades with inthe Chicago Public Schools This positiveoutcomes Where empirically-supported positive outcomes have occurred inrelation evaluation scales were moderately intercorrelated Therefore a one-way a significant effect for use skill development self-reported learning interest in learning the means indicated that students who used CAI these findings is that participants whowere exposed to computer-mediated collaborative the CAI group M and traditional group M revealed to the computer-mediatedcollaborative learning cannot be attributed related to evaluation of the collaborativegroup learning exercise group case scales weresignificantly related to the evaluation of the rated the group learning exercisesmore favorably Test scores for attained higher final exam scores M Class Evaluation evaluation of classroom experience Group Case Evaluation evaluation of the CAI participants led to and which may be found on following pages Waxman and was defined as none slight instruction inimproving the levels of academic of the level of CAI Use Variable Level of CAI Use None Slight ModerateMathematics Anxiety Effectiveness within the context ofthis research refers to learning References Alavi M June Computer-mediated collaborative learning anempirical of school-based research Journal of Special EducationTechnology Eds Instructional technology A book of readings rd ed Creating and accessingliteracy in at-risk students through hypermedia portfolios ERIC ClearingHouse National Institute of Education ED Higgins K Boone use in reading instruction Intervention in School and Clinic Horney Eds Instructional technology A book of readings rd ed New LearningDisabilities Saettler P A history of instructional Huang S-Y Differences by level oftechnology use TechnicalCommunication Application of Technology to Instruction Definitions of instructional technology and the behavioral science concept When instructional technology is considered asopposed to instructional content and learner differences The developmentof the The most significant theoretical premise embodied in the Harcleroad p The implicitassumption contained wideacceptance through the first three quarters of the processes language and linguistics communications cybernetics perception of physicalresources and contemporary technology such as computers Saettler requires elements of both the physical science applications ofinstructional psychology are heavily often neither smooth nor rapid Resistance to the application of technology to the educational process requiresexpert preparation value of thetechnology in the the mid s ERIC p Prior to that was not at fault The fault lay in the adaptation computer science in which new developments occur faster that the p There are many ways in which computer science of computer literacy is the starting in dialoguesrelated to the substance of theinstruction is suited to computerized delivery in instruction One of these advantages is the soon wearsthin Its advantage therefore is in can maintain interest on the part of students student Thus text changes may be effected hypermedia have increased thepossibilities for learners to become also capable of providing on-line tools Thus the being taught Anderson-Inman p As an perceptual processes It is learned through the training ofthe ofskills related to mathematics science and engineering Another illustration process of comprehension CAIsoftware programs may be designed of mathematics Several specific advantages are provided by CAI of a topic as opposed to specific aspects of atopic theirbackgrounds from which they will recall as required in a three-year study of the application of a hypermedia-based CAI use in the teaching of reading but their approaches Standish p obtained results similar to those reported byHiggins CAI teaching As was true of Higginsand Boone pp however CAI caused students to becomehighly were supported by empirical results Even in Boone andHiggins p were able to demonstrate that low-ability Even with ability level grouping however reported that hypertext-based CAI hadno effect on either reading recall not improvedfor low-ability readers For high-ability Hamilton p reported to results that hypertext-based CAI used inreading conducted a study of the effectiveness ofCAI thecomputer-mediated collaborative learning process with those whoparticipated in the all learning and evaluation questionnaireitems the computer in Chart which may be found on a traditional classroom with no CAIsupport for Alavi pp This hypothesis however was not supported bythe data not significantfor the total sample or scales a stepwise regression betweenthese two variable sets beta delta R sup F p outcome indicates that students with Analysis indicated no significant differences in mid-term examscores CAI Variable SS F Skill perceived skill development Learning in the traditional classroom M t p While learning outcomes Test scorecomparisons between of math anxietyamong sixth and virtually the sameregardless of the level of CAI use The self-conceptamong both sixth grade and found on following pages pic pic pic This research examined the issue of reports however are other findings that Project Language Arts Boone R Higgins K Fall Carter L F Adapting technology to of learning thEd New York assisted instruction on mathematicsand locus of control ERIC Documentation Reproduction Higgins K Boone R September Hypertext Howe H II Education and changing technology In Knirk Assistant forLearning from Text SALT A to improvereading comprehension in second grade J Payne D G May Effects of graphicalbrowser on in the instructional process Effectiveness within the the definitions Saettler p There are physicalscience and engineering technology to the process of education Saettler one hand and the design of instructionalmessages and media in nonverbal roles and traditional media to stand alone thephysical science the context of thebehavioral sciences it engineering research particularly humanfactors engineering concept in a broader perspective A useful definition of group processes language and linguistics through which research flows from the developmental results are ofteninsufficiently formulated for ease of an educational process is required as a means of computer-aided instruction CAI CAIbegan to many instructors and students alike tobecome disenchanted and changing technology Howe p Thisproblem is particularly acute is the premier manifestation of theapplication of until the students are capable used to present drills practice exercises are well defined achievement ofthe goals is of performance CAI Effectiveness There are a number or even excitingactivities Novelty however program must be capable ofmaintaining text presented in aCAI software program be adapted to provide variety example appears to offer substantial advantages overtraditional text-based instruction for Another significant characteristic of CAI software programs is more closely tied to thought and language process Similarly CAI software may bedesigned to reflect the cognitive from thetext being read Anderson-Inman p Thus of CAI softwareto relate the learning experience to the learner's use of CAI are as follows CAI software programs computer becomes a part of student environments Theexperience of relate them to potential future inconclusive The inference ofthis conclusion contexts of reading comprehension andreading retention than reported no statistical significance for results measuring differences ineither reading relied on the anecdotal comments involving K students in which some benefits of hypertext-based CAIin for their entire research sample When significant extent than didkindergarten-level students receiving kindergartenstudents in ability groups other than in relation to thesefindings is what the value is of reading difficulties to improvereading comprehension scores to a statistically significant study found that reading scores were notaffected by hypertext-based CAI to reading achievement such outcomes multivariate analysis of variance was conducted tocompare the questionnaire responses of CAI to support collaborativelearning Holeling's T p subject evaluation of classroom experience andevaluation of group learning for support oftheir collaborative group learning exercises learning had more positivereactions because they expected no significant differences t non-significant Further the correlation to differences in expectedgrades In order to explore the relationship analysis A positive coefficient wasobtained for skill development classroom experience skilldevelopment beta delta R sup F p participants who were exposed to CAI were Chart Univariate Analysis of Variance of the Effects of of the group learning exercises Significance higher final test scores the Huang pp tested the effectiveness of CAI inrelation to traditional and moderate The study found that the level of self-concept among sixth and eighth gradestudents The study use These findings are illustrated andpresented in Sixth Grade Eighth Grade Academic Self-Confidence Sixth outcomes The literature documents someevidence of learning investigation MIS Quarterly Anderson-Inman L Brown J W Lewis R B Harcleroad F F New York Holt Rinehart and Winston Dahl ReadingImprovement ERIC Computer assisted learning in R Summer Hypermedia CAI A supplementto elementary school Basal Reader M A Anderson-Inman L The ElectroText Project hypertext reading patterns York Holt Rinehart and Winston MacArthur C technology th ed New York McGraw-Hill Book Company of students' motivation anxiety and classroom learningenvironment in mathematics Journal If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.