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Paper Abstract: Country overview, focusing on scientific research. Culture, politics, transportation, energy. Paper Introduction: INDIA: A COUNTRY STUDY Introduction This research examines selected aspects of the economic, political and social environments of the Republic of India. This research focuses on (1) the culture of India, (2) the type of country India is, where “type” infers political structure, (3) the country’s transportation systems, (4) the energy structure in India, (5) the communications systems in the country, where transportation systems are not (as is usually the case) considered as a part of the country’s communications structure, (6) the degree of urbanization in India, and (7) the status and role of science in India. Culture Ethnically, 72 percent of Indians are Indo-Aryan. Dravidians account f Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. Now, some 5 yearslater in the mid-199 s, Indian science is heavily skewed toward nuclear,military, and space research. 157). FTS7). New York: OxfordUniversity Press. 36). Science: Status and Role By the beginning of the 194 s, India had developed a world classscientific research community, one of whose members had been awarded theNobel Prize in Physics in 193 . 23). (1995). 695). Los Angeles: Center for the Studyof Armament and Disarmament. Reuters Dispatch, 1. (1995). In the context of religion,India is largely a Hindu nation, with 83 percent of the Indian populationidentifying themselves as Hindu. 693-711). movement for disarmament" (Sharma, 1991, p. The country has 56,4 kilometers of rail lines, of which 11,2 kilometers are electric railways(Hunter, 1995, p. The statesman's year-book: 1995-1996. 75-76). World development report 1995. Industrial licensing rules,however, have worked against the commercial exploitation of many of thecountry's scientific discoveries, inventions, and innovations (Maddox,1995, p. India has a monumental number of newspapers-35,595, ofwhich 369 publish daily in 18 different languages (Hunter, 1995, p. India does not have a freight-only air transportation service (Hastings, 1995, pp. Representativesto the Lok Sabha are elected by democratic vote (Hunter, 1995, p. An underrated world-class asset.Financial Times, (32835), FTS7. 157). Industrial scientific research at 9.8 percent, agriculturalscientific research at 9.3 percent, technology development at 7.2 percent,and environmental research at 6.8 percent lagged far behind (Sharma, 1991,pp. (4th ed.). 1-86. During the late-195 s and early-196 s, Nehru "remained publicly committed to the peaceful use of the atom,"but the country's atomic energy tsar "showed little enthusiasm for nucleardisarmament" and "refused to be associated with the internationalscientific ... 7 7). The emphasis in Indian scientific researchin the first-half of the twentieth century was on developments in scienceand technology that would positively affect the daily lives of the Indianpeople (Sharma, 1991, pp. The nation's Prime Minister is elected by the Lok Sabha. 35). FTS7). India produces approximately 6 percent of the country's consumptionthrough nationalized industries. (Ed.). Journalof Commerce and Commercial, 4 6(28622), 51 -511. Washington: U.S. From the time of the establishment of the republic in 1949, theCongress Party dominated the national government in India until the mostrecent general election which was held in May 1996. (1995, 17 November). Nuclear research, in the 1988-1989 Indiangovernmental budget, received 14 percent of the total research anddevelopment budget, behind only defense at 26.7 percent and space at 2 percent. 4 3-414).Electricity production in India approximates 325, kilowatt-hoursannually. Sinha, C. Air India, the country's only international carrier,remains state-owned (Hunter, 1995, p. Communications (Exclusive of Transportation) India operates more than 152, post offices and approximately 43, telegraph offices. Rural energyplanning in India: Designing effective intervention strategies. Political Structure (Country Type) India is a republic and frequently is referred to as the world'slargest democracy. Nehru saw science as theability to take society by "rational choice to a world of progress andcontrol of resources" (Mansingh, 1986, pp. International airports are operated in three large Indian cities-Bombay, Calcutta, and Delhi. F. Hunter, B. The 1974 nuclear device was constructedfrom plutonium derived from a Canadian supplied reactor intended togenerate electricity (Kapur, 1974, p. This research focuses on (1)the culture of India, (2) the type of country India is, where "type" inferspolitical structure, (3) the country's transportation systems, (4) theenergy structure in India, (5) the communications systems in the country,where transportation systems are not (as is usually the case) considered asa part of the country's communications structure, (6) the degree ofurbanization in India, and (7) the status and role of science in India. India's nuclear test: Stretching out the options orthe first step towards a weapons program? AnIndian scientific policy resolution in 1958 stated that the "key tonational prosperity ... The country also is served by more than 16 radio stations and by more than 25 radio transmitters for the nationalradio network. India operates 12 major seaports. As indicated at an earlier point in this discussion, nuclear researchreceived 14 percent of the Indian government's scientific research budgetfor 1988-1989. In the 1958-1959 budget, however, nuclear research hadreceived 41.2 percent of scientific research and development funds. The age distribution of the Indian population is asfollows: Through age 14: 36.8 percent; 15 through 59: 56.4 percent; and Aged 6 and older: 6.8 percent (World Bank, 1995, p. Energy A total of 492, of India's 579,1 villages, towns, and cities areserviced by electricity (Sinha, Venkata, & Joshi, 1994, pp. Opponents contend that theBharatiya Janata Party, were it allowed to form a government, would openlydiscriminate against Muslims among India's population. 32-36). Culture Ethnically, 72 percent of Indians are Indo-Aryan. 7 7). Bulletin of AtomicScientists, 47 (May 1991): 32-36. The country is in a stage ofrapid development. The resolutionadded that it "is an inherent obligation of a great country like India ...to participate fully in the march of science" (Sharma, 1991, p. A department of the national government operates thetelephone systems throughout the country with the exceptions of Bombay andDelhi, where telephone service is provided by public corporations.Television reaches 84 percent of the Indian population through a network ofmore than 56 transmitters. 7 2). 157). 7 8). P., & Joshi, V. Prime Minister Nehru's "friendship with two of India's leadingscientists, Homi Bahbha and Vikram Sarabhai, led to the early initiationand systematic cultivation of India's nuclear and space programs outsidethe military sphere" (Sharma, 1991, p. The country have 3,7 kilometersof navigable rivers, of which approximately 2, kilometers are plied bymotorized water craft. The country'sscientific education also is first-rate. The direction of emphasis in India's scientific research changed inthe 195 s. By the 198 s, India had developed a working nuclear bomb-the devicewas successfully tested in 1974. (1991, May). 7 8). Thus, the lower house, Lok Sabha(House of the People), holds the supreme governmental power in the country. Sharma, D. (1996, 1 May). Transportation Systems India is traversed by 2.16 million kilometers of motor vehicleroadways. Indian voters saying "No" to rulingparty. Subsequent to the end of the Second World War and following Indianpolitical independence from Britain, however, the emphasis in Indianscientific research experienced a shift in emphasis. Maddox, B. (1986). 32-36). Historical setting. 6). The population density in India is 658 persons per square mile.Approximately 28 percent of India's population resides in urban areas(World Bank, 1995, p. This use by India of materialsgenerated by a foreign-supplied reactor caused problems for India in futureattempts to obtain nuclear equipment and materials from external sources. 51 -511). Air transportation was nationalized in Indiain 1953; however, domestic air transportation was reopened to the privatesector in 1993. The atomic energy tsar was ableto persuade Prime Minister Nehru that the development of nuclear energy,particularly military applications of that energy, were of both diplomaticand strategic significance to India. INDIA: A COUNTRY STUDY Introduction This research examines selected aspects of the economic, political andsocial environments of the Republic of India. In the May 1996election, no single party gained a majority in the Lok Sabha, and theCongress Party finished second to the Bharatiya Janata Party, whichadvocates a nuclear power status for India. World Bank. (Ed.). 23). References Hastings, P. Manoharan, M. The country is comprised of 25 states and seventerritories (Hunter, 1995, p. A total of 16 languages are spoken by significant proportionsof India's population. In Nyrop, R. In the mid-199 s, India has many world-class scientific laboratoriesin several areas of research (Maddox, 1995, p. Of this total output, approximately 228, kilowatt-hours aregenerated by thermal stations, 67,5 kilowatt-hours by hydroelectricstations, and 29,5 kilowatt-hours by nuclear stations (Hunter, 1995, p.7 2). Summary This research examines selected aspects of the economic, political andsocial environments of the Republic of India. (132nded.). India:A country study. S., Venkata, R. (1994, May). lies, in the modern age, in the effectivecombination of ... Air cargo blossoms in India. Soon, however, India'satomic energy tsar, had transformed India's approach to nuclear research,and, in the process, he became accountable only to Prime Minister Nehru.The atomic energy tsar also "became increasingly interested in militaryapplications" for India's nuclear development (Sharma, 1991, p. India's lopsided science. Urbanization India's population in 199 was estimated at 851 million (World Bank,1995, p. Kapur, A. Muslims account for 11 percent of theIndian population, while Christians account for three-percent, Sikh's two-percent, and all others one-percent (Hunter, 1995, pp. In the wake of theelection, political observers are predicting that the National Front-LeftFront (NF-LF) coalition will form a government with the support of theCongress Party (Manoharan, 1996, 1). 23). Of the country's 4,3 kilometers of canals, 9 kilometers are used by motorized water craft (Hunter, 1995, p. India is a parliamentary democracy. EnergyPolicy, 22(5), 4 3-414. 695). (1974). Dravidians accountfor 25 percent of India's population, while the remaining three-percent areMongolian. 23).Questions related to the appropriateness of any specific technology withrespect to India's needs were not raised. Hindi is the country's official language, whileEnglish is an associate official language. Martin's Press. technology, raw materials, and capital, of which thefirst perhaps is the most important" (Sharma, 1991, p. Mansingh, S. New York: St. The main fields are located in Assam,Gujarat, and offshore in the Gulf of Cambay (Hunter, 1995, p. (1995, 18 December). Thisbudgetary emphasis illustrates the importance attached by the Indiangovernment to nuclear development, and the emphasis partially explains thenervous reactions toward and suspicions of India by other countries(Sharma, 1991, p. Government Printing Office,pp. The railways in India are state-owned. If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.