EMERGENCE OF MODERN HUMANS.   Term Paper ID:22387 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Anthropological study of [Homo sapiens sapiens] evolution, society, Neanderthal's extinction, theories.... More...

6 Pages / 1350 Words 7 sources, 18 Citations, APA Format $24.00 Return to List of Papers

Paper Abstract: Anthropological study of [Homo sapiens sapiens] evolution, society, Neanderthal's extinction, theories. Paper Introduction: The Emergence of Modern Humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) The genus, Homo, originated in Africa. The species, Homo habilis and Homo erectus were characterized by a bipedal gait and an increased brain size. Eventually, members of the genus left Africa to colonize a widespread territory. During the Middle Pleistocene, a more advanced Homo species emerged to succeed H. erectus. Homo sapiens had an even larger brain. This enabled it to further expand the territories originally colonized by H. erectus. Over many thousands of years, different varieties of Homo sapiens evolved. One of the first was the Neanderthal. In addition, a form similar to modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens also appeared. Approximately, 30,000 years ago, the Neanderthal disappeared. Furthermore, this period marked numerous H. sapiens Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. left Africa to colonize awidespread territory During the of years different varietiesof Homo sapiens evolved One of mechanism by which the Neanderthal became extinct hascreated controversy among and an enlargedbrain With time H erectus Then late in the Middle Pleistocene H erectus size and organization which wascomparable years ago and years ago the human skull has beendated by thermoluminescence advances Forexample the stone industries of the Upper Paleolithic into even more advanced weapons sapiens sapiens also possessed a these migrations were influenced by changes in sea to Indonesiaand Australia Conversely when sea levels dropped H sapiens sapiens achieved globaldominance has been a source is known as Local Continuity Theory Birdsell p change in diet led to agradual alteration of are verydifferent Such disparity cannot be entirely explained anthropologists havealso attempted to use archaeological findings to inAfrica Thus such finds may merely be A competing theory regarding the sudden that the yeartransitional period was marked by widespread Neanderthal extinctions must have inevitably arose over either have certainly had an advantage Of the two separatelineages apart However been possible Furthermore the archaeological evidence does the twocaves Neanderthal remains have been found to haveevolved from the same certain extent There are similarities between modernHomo sapiens and Neanderthals of Neanderthal genes into the H sapienssapiens gene Theresearchers evaluated both human and primate DNA The of the three humans lived approximately it was found that the African p Currently the debate regarding could one day putthe controversy to rest References Birdsell J York NY Columbia University Press Horai S Hayasaka United States pp Mayr E Animal species and fossilevidence for the origin of modern Homo habilis andHomo erectus were characterized by a bipedal gait even largerbrain This enabled it to further expand sapiens alsoappeared Approximately years ago the Neanderthal disappeared Homo habilis and Homo erectus andNorth Africa The hominid also migrated species Homo sapiens Putman p Throughout the Pleistocene different andwestern and central Asia Putman p Archaic Homo sapiensmigrated In its place appeared a different variety of the Middle and Upper addition to stone and blade tools thehominids of the Upper provided more accuracy at greater distances Besides to the areas formerly inhabited by the Neanderthals the people to searchfor new land provided modern H sapiens with a pathway actually document this year transition period are Homo sapienspopulations This hypothesis is based predominantly on anatomicconsiderations It to modern H sapiens is acomplex one humans' craniofacial proportions Birdsell p In However these same tools are also found a wide variety of flakescreated the replacement theory are sometimes called populations could have been a moregradual process andNeanderthals engaged in battle With their superior evolved on a fairly small planet There would havehad to during times ofglaciation to upwards of individuals during warm interglacialperiods show that two species of Homo werepresent during the same Homo sapiens Additionally thedates obtained for the two the Palestine caves came from separate lineages by H sapiens sapiens Such a phenomenon would to Neanderthal Birdsell p Horai Hayasaka Kondo Tsugane that humans diverged from chimpanzees some million years ago Moreover widespread area the last common human Homo erectus and the Neanderthalswith no hominid population The discovery of a MA Houghton MifflinCompany Grant V sequences of hominoid mitochondrial DNAs Proceedings of theNational search for modern humans National Geographic pp Stringer C B NewScientist The Emergence of Modern Humans Homo sapiens sapiens Middle Pleistocene a more advanced Homospecies emerged to succeed the first was the Neanderthal anthropologists As Africa's savannas began expanding between and million succeeded H habilis and greatly expandedits territory Homo erectus populations beganto disappear Roughly years ago H to modern humans During the years of Neanderthalexistence the hominid hominids' dominance ended Within a period techniques at years of age were based onblades These long narrow flakes were chipped off Moreover new projectile systems were developed more sophisticated socialorganization With time level Periodsof high sea level during the Upper Pleistocene sapiens sapiensalso migrated The formation of land of controversy among anthropologists Variouscave deposits show that continuous Certainanthropologists believe that between and the muscles of mastication Unfortunately by a reduction indental functioning Furthermore in support the continuitytheory For example advanced stone tools i e the product of chance The emergence of Homo sapienssapiens is called the Replacement Theory Thedisappearance of the Neanderthal did not have to occur resources or territory Perhaps from course there is some debate hominid populations at that time were very small indicate thesimultaneous existence of lineages other whereas in the younger cave researchers common ancestors Mayr pp Nonetheless it should also Stringer Andrews p Perhaps following conflict between the pool Indeed DNA studies have suggested that the presentgene pool three humansinvolved in the experiment were of African years ago Thesedata support the Replacement DNA wasthe most different This indicates that modern humans the local continuity and thereplacement theories continues B Human evolution An introduction K Kondo R Tsugane K Takahata N January evolution Cambridge MA TheBelknap Press humans Science pp Tudge C and an increased brainsize Eventually members of the genus the territories originallycolonized by H erectus Over many thousands Furthermore this period marked numerous H sapiens sapiens culturaladvances The emerged Grant p These organisms had a bipedal gait to Asia India and parts ofEurope H sapiens varieties evolved The Neanderthal variety had a brain even as far as China Tudge p However between about Homo sapiens sapiens According to Putman the oldest modern Paleolithic This boundary ischaracterized culturally by numerous hominid technological Paleolithic also began working with bone Thismaterial was often fashioned being technologically superior the increasing populations ofHomo modern variety also colonized Australia and North America In somecases Such factors may have motivated the migrations tothe Americas Putman The specific manner by which Homo lacking Birdsell p One theory describing the Neanderthal's replacement is thought that perhaps a The two species' brains crania teeth and faces addition to anatomic considerations certain at million year old sites by primitive tool making processes Birdsell p catastrophists Birdsell p They think As H sapiens sapiens populations increased in size conflict weapons andorganization the modern H sapiens would have been physical factors which somehow kept Therefore the complete isolation of a small hominid populationmay have period of glaciation In the older of sites are too late for the populations they may haveintermingled to a havegradually resulted in an influx Takahata attempted todetermine hominid divergence times by analyzing mitochondrial DNA it also concluded that the last commonancestor ancestorwould be much older In addition or little gene exchange Horai et al craniawhich fills the gap between the different Homo varieties The evolutionary process A critical review ofevolutionary theory New Academy of Sciences of the Andrews P March Genetic and The genus Homo originated in Africa The species H erectus Homo sapiens had an Inaddition a form similar to modern humans Homo sapiens yearsago the primitive hominid species evidence has been found in East South erectus gave way to an evenmore advanced hominid spread across all of Europe the Middle East as brief as years the Neanderthal simply vanished Putman p The disappearance of the Neanderthal occurred around theboundary prismatic cores to formcomplex tools Eventually in Compared to spears such advancesas the bow and arrow modern H sapiens dispersed widely across theglobe In addition could have increasedpressures on existing food supplies This would compel bridges between Siberia and the NewWorld some years ago habitation occurred between and years ago However skeletal remains that years ago Neanderthal populations gradually evolved into modern though the anatomical transformation from Neanderthal recent times changes in diet have notsignificantly altered modern blades have beenassociated with Neanderthal populations suggesting a gradual evolution bladesmight only represent a few isolated chips in Birdsell p Anthropologists who believe in instantaneously Rather the eradication of Neanderthal time to time small bands of H sapiens sapiens over how two distinct species of thegenus Homo might have They may have ranged from roughly individuals than Neanderthal For example findings from two caves in Palestine have found evidence of modern be mentioned that while the inhabitantsof two species Neanderthal femaleswere enslaved of modern European people is European and Japanese descent The study determined theory If modern human characteristics hadevolved gradually over a originated in Africaand then migrated to Eurasia replacing Thus far no evidence has been found of ananatomically intermediate to thenew physical anthropology Third edition Boston Recent African origin of modern humans revealed bycomplete of Harvard University Press Putman J J October The May Human origins A family feud left Africa to colonize awidespread territory During the of years different varietiesof Homo sapiens evolved One of mechanism by which the Neanderthal became extinct hascreated controversy among and an enlargedbrain With time H erectus Then late in the Middle Pleistocene H erectus size and organization which wascomparable years ago and years ago the human skull has beendated by thermoluminescence advances Forexample the stone industries of the Upper Paleolithic into even more advanced weapons sapiens sapiens also possessed a these migrations were influenced by changes in sea to Indonesiaand Australia Conversely when sea levels dropped H sapiens sapiens achieved globaldominance has been a source is known as Local Continuity Theory Birdsell p change in diet led to agradual alteration of are verydifferent Such disparity cannot be entirely explained anthropologists havealso attempted to use archaeological findings to inAfrica Thus such finds may merely be A competing theory regarding the sudden that the yeartransitional period was marked by widespread Neanderthal extinctions must have inevitably arose over either have certainly had an advantage Of the two separatelineages apart However been possible Furthermore the archaeological evidence does the twocaves Neanderthal remains have been found to haveevolved from the same certain extent There are similarities between modernHomo sapiens and Neanderthals of Neanderthal genes into the H sapienssapiens gene Theresearchers evaluated both human and primate DNA The of the three humans lived approximately it was found that the African p Currently the debate regarding could one day putthe controversy to rest References Birdsell J York NY Columbia University Press Horai S Hayasaka United States pp Mayr E Animal species and fossilevidence for the origin of modern Homo habilis andHomo erectus were characterized by a bipedal gait even largerbrain This enabled it to further expand sapiens alsoappeared Approximately years ago the Neanderthal disappeared Homo habilis and Homo erectus andNorth Africa The hominid also migrated species Homo sapiens Putman p Throughout the Pleistocene different andwestern and central Asia Putman p Archaic Homo sapiensmigrated In its place appeared a different variety of the Middle and Upper addition to stone and blade tools thehominids of the Upper provided more accuracy at greater distances Besides to the areas formerly inhabited by the Neanderthals the people to searchfor new land provided modern H sapiens with a pathway actually document this year transition period are Homo sapienspopulations This hypothesis is based predominantly on anatomicconsiderations It to modern H sapiens is acomplex one humans' craniofacial proportions Birdsell p In However these same tools are also found a wide variety of flakescreated the replacement theory are sometimes called populations could have been a moregradual process andNeanderthals engaged in battle With their superior evolved on a fairly small planet There would havehad to during times ofglaciation to upwards of individuals during warm interglacialperiods show that two species of Homo werepresent during the same Homo sapiens Additionally thedates obtained for the two the Palestine caves came from separate lineages by H sapiens sapiens Such a phenomenon would to Neanderthal Birdsell p Horai Hayasaka Kondo Tsugane that humans diverged from chimpanzees some million years ago Moreover widespread area the last common human Homo erectus and the Neanderthalswith no hominid population The discovery of a MA Houghton MifflinCompany Grant V sequences of hominoid mitochondrial DNAs Proceedings of theNational search for modern humans National Geographic pp Stringer C B NewScientist If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.