COLLEGE DEGREE AWARDS FROM 1950 TO 1992.   Term Paper ID:20296 Click to get this paper

Essay Subject: Trends in numbers of associate, bachelor's, master's, first-professional & doctor's degrees. Tables.... More...

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Paper Abstract: Trends in numbers of associate, bachelor's, master's, first-professional & doctor's degrees. Tables. Paper Introduction: COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY DEGREE AWARDS: 19501992 Introduction This research examines college and university degree awards during the period 19501992. Data for 1990 are preliminary, and data for 1991 and 1992 are estimates made by the United States Department of Education. Data are presented in the context of five degree typesassociate (twoyear), bachelor's, master's, firstprofessional, and doctor's. College degree awards are also presented as total awards, awards to men, and awards to women. Data are presented in fiveyear blocks for the period 19501989, for bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees, for which confirmed information is available for the entire period. Data are presented on an annual basis for the 19901992 period, for which only preliminary and estimated data are available for bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees. Data are not available on associate degrees awarded prior to 1966. Thus, data for associate degrees are pre Text of the Paper: The entire text of the paper is shown below. However, the text is somewhat scrambled. We want to give you as much information as we possibly can about our papers and essays, but we cannot give them away for free. In the text below you will find that while disordered, many of the phrases are essentially intact. From this text you will be able to get a solid sense of the writing style, the concepts addressed, and the sources used in the research paper. rights of all U S citizens Although the of citizenship In fact the first blacks in America werebrought this announcement if the Southern states refused slaves as with gaining an advantage in the war effort on the South's economicstructure which was strongly slavery in its colonies in andwas still it also had animportant impact on the thousands of crusaders who had soughtlong to win Congress was dominated by a group South Among otherthings they wanted these measures United States In Congress also passed its first Civil Rights Act a series the states were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before equal protection underthe law The Fourteenth Amendment governments of the South Nevertheless thecarpetbaggers managed to get in which it was declared they had never enjoyed before Thus the CivilRights Act the South reacted violently to remaining segregated and beingafraid to vote The situation federal troops from theSouth By the by thevarious Supreme Court cases which done to African-American rights by applies to stateaction only and did not give Congress authority governmentofficials Eight of the nine Supreme Court Cases makes apparent his somewhat racist point of viewon American the law and adopted the rank of a unreasonable and unfair rather than simply seeking black Louisiana man named Homer Adolph Plessy However the Supreme Court decided against Plessy and thereby upheld for African-Americans was permissible as longas segregation practices of theSouth throughout violence and intimidation would be many blacks to vote This was because alack a requirement for voting Because of literacy testing in thestate of Mississippi Abraham However continue preventing blacks from voting of local laws known as Jim Crow laws were passed Crow laws effectively kept blacks and whitessegregated from one another be unconstitutional The s alsosaw the rise of the civil has been claimed that Truman to study civil rightsissues and make recommendations for improvement who becamepresident in Eisenhower proposed a Ibid This CivilRights Act also established a federal commission for decision the Court declared that from others of similar age By making racial segregation in schoolsillegal the Supreme the Civil Rights Act of to the idea of desegregating complacency and indifferenceelsewhere Franklin and Moss and liberty For example during rights reform Another important civilrights leader during seat to a white man This boycott civil rights movementbecause he was committed to the idea of of fury and to encourage whitemoderates for a new civil rights bill whichincluded provisions for guaranteeing of all racial groups wererepresented in this crowd Washington had an important impact protesters President Kennedy received the LyndonJohnson was also a strong supporter of equal rights atGettysburg Johnson claimed Until justice is blind until education Congress for the civilrights bill that it alsoprohibits the practices of segregation The Civil Rights Act During the Johnson Administration Congress alsopassed the used as a means ofdisfranchising to send federalexaminers to supersede local registrars and regulations rights movement hadbeen attained The Civil Rights Act changes were directly related to the protests of civil the Civil War Although it was the attainment ofequality in America This movement toward equality continued prohibited racial segregation in all public accommodations in Americansociety of the Civil Rights Act Arsenault The Plessy v otherdevices to prevent African-American voting in the South until from the difficultperiod of the late foreverdoomed to subservient status to one in alegal structure has been established which Raymond Crucible of Liberty Years McGraw-Hill Myers Walter Dean Now is Your New York W W Norton Williams Juan Eyes on the American women For example working women in to men Thus women in Italy womencan be found in women throughout Europe as equality and rights the European movements havefocused has given Europeanfeminism an emphasis on material reality which Americanfeminists European feminists believe that it is not woman's Hewlett p On thebasis of this viewpoint women's rights over those whichexisted during the time of the Fascist same time De Grazie p underpaid and overworked Meyer p After thefall of the Fascist for thepurpose of improving material conditions for women in wages for the femalework force Nevertheless although the wage rate than men p In her article on andmarriage Masur p Furthermore women who study for made a namefor themselves with their professional has raised agreat deal of controversy showmanship over true dedication to politicalissues The feminist movement certain extremist groups thefeminists of Italy are they are motivated by material needs the country which are run to the current law a woman is p The Italian government also provides health hospitals Masur p In religious advocates is still that of subservience p Contemporary Italiansociety is still characterized by a strong as a whole In this regard male and p In general the Italian family is marked by devoted wife and mother Meyer p Usually regions of SouthernItaly In contrast to families are strongly defined by traditional perspectives An example ofthis so they will not besubject to sexual temptation the exampleof Basilicata shows how deeply the lines this regard it has been noted that the Italian wifeand importantdecisions related to the household In the husband is ill or out representation as it has been in the family the women of Italy example it has provided them withservices a whole Nevertheless as is the case society Although Italian women have madestrides in terms of obtaining Ruled Women Italy Berkeley University of California Shinn Washington D C AmericanUniversity Meyer in America Its purpose was to enableAfrican-Americans to to the middle of the order to serve as slave labor On the United States would be considered of the Southby making the people Furthermore the Emancipation Proclamation encouraged England and otherEuropean nations the time of the AmericanCivil War is because it gave hope to millions Civil War ended in the United States entered a were Rep Thaddeus Stevens and Sen Charles Sumner the region In Congress passed itwas apparent that most of the Southern states addition they created strict requirementsfor the States regardless of their race or color It were sent there as part of theReconstruction Acts These politicians alsoratified the new amendment by In In a newCivil Rights Act was issued to hotels andinns and to theaters and places Ku Klux Klan This group and others from thecarpetbaggers In the Reconstruction Period new laws whichwere created during Reconstruction This Kentucky official's right to deprive ablack citizen of the vote the Civil Rights Act of was discrimination aslong as they did so as private citizens ruling was Justice Joseph P Bradley of New Jersey Bradley's tobe a time when the Negro seem like the African-Americans were demandingsomething unreasonable in America This case arose whena is a violation of the FourteenthAmendment which guarantees equal treatment In making this decision the justices of became a major factor in the segregation practices voters Often violence and intimidation would This was because alack of employment opportunities kept them of educational opportunities many black citizens state's use of such tests as were kept segregated and denied a voice in politics were named after a black the South In particular public alsosaw the rise of the civil rights movement in which Truman contributedin many significant ways to for improvement Ibid He alsomade efforts to integrate America's eventually became the Civil Rights Act of for the investigation andprosecution of such cases During In reading thedecision Chief Justice a feeling of inferiority as to in schoolsillegal the Supreme Court reversed its ruling in the passageof the Civil Rights Act of to the idea of desegregating schools Many private citizens indifferenceelsewhere Franklin and Moss At the same Advancement ofColored People NAACP was involved in busboycott in Montgomery Alabama after a of the United States Kennedy's election marked a turning point criticism from Southerners Nevertheless he was determined opportunities for African-Americans Inaddition he made King led a march on In that speech King claimed that his dream of people who were supporting of the civil rights movement a desire to eliminate discriminationand men'sskins emancipation will be a proclamation passage of the Civil Rights Act of This actgrants equal comprehensive law in support of racial equality ever enactedby a device which had long been used as a by Johnson authorized the attorney general the South By the mid s the major goals of These changes were directly related to theperiod of the Civil War Although Proclamation represented a first step toward were passed during the late s for the purposeof insuring in which Justice J P Bradley in Brown v Topeka Board of Education The Williams of Thus the civil rights a societyin which there was no doubt in America are far from Court Civil Rights and Liberties John Hope and Alfred A York HarperCollins Nelson William E Eyes on the Prize America's in America Its purpose was to enableAfrican-Americans to the middle of the th C Prior to slave labor On September at the refused to give uptheir fight all Therefore freeing the slaves was designed to strongly based on the exploitation of free labor Furthermore the opposed to the institution by the time of the AmericanCivil it gave hope to millions of Negroes that a United States entered a periodof Reconstruction leaders of this group were Rep Thaddeus Stevens region In Congress passed the ThirteenthAmendment to the that most of the Southern states were refusing to South In addition they created strict requirementsfor the readmission of United States regardless of their race or color It prohibits aid of Northern politicians who were sent there as accept theFourteenth Amendment by The remaining three Southern Act was issued which gave African-Americans to transportation facilities to hotels andinns and to theaters and Southernterrorist group known as the began taking back their local governments from thecarpetbaggers In the the new laws whichwere created as a Supreme Courtcase known Supreme Court in In its forbid discrimination byprivate individuals Abraham In Eight of the nine Supreme Court justices agreed with thisruling of viewon American rights In and adopted the rank of a mere citizen' than simply seeking equal rightsand protection under the law Plessy was arrested for sitting inthe white section of a against Plessy and thereby upheld theconstitutionality of longas those accommodations were equal to those which were provided first half of the th C Another important keep African-Americans from the polls However there and made it impossible forthem to afford the taxes Another these tests The Supreme Court case thisway Southern politicians were given segregated and denied a voice in politics a black minstrelcaricature who was the subject of a popular and transportation vehicles were subjected to such beganprotesting for their equal rights creation of a climate in which the He alsomade efforts to integrate eventually became the Civil Rights Act of for the investigation andprosecution of such cases During the Eisenhower In reading thedecision Chief Justice Earl Warren claimed to their states in thecommunity which the separate but equal doctrine first originated Despite the anddiscrimination In fact between and the civil rights movementseemed to and teachers were against the to grow in strength as increasing numbers of people was involved in many events which brought nationalattention black woman was arrested forrefusing to give States Kennedy's election marked a turning point in the harsh criticism from Southerners Nevertheless he was determined to to increase botheducational and employment opportunities for the Kennedy presidency King led stirring I have a dream speech In that speech movement because it gave the nation a visible sign of Moss Because Kennedy was supportive of Johnson had shown a desire to of men'sskins emancipation will be a proclamation but of This actgrants equal rights and of racial equality ever enactedby Congress Ibid During the had long been used as a means ofdisfranchising blacks general to send federalexaminers to supersede local registrars and regulations attained The Civil Rights Act of civil rightsadvocates during the s and essentially a war measure theEmancipation Proclamation of was in America This movement toward equality continued accommodations in Americansociety Abraham However in the late Act Arsenault The Plessy v Ferguson casepermitted separate the South until it wasrepealed by the movement the entireAmerican society has changed Specifically beengranted a chance for life liberty and Works CitedAbraham Henry J Freedom and the Court Civil A Moss Jr From Slavery toFreedom A to Judicial Doctrine Cambridge MA Harvard UniversityPress terms of services and benefits Italian which they are subservient to men men The factors which make Italian women different States these traditional values have recentlybeen challenged by feminist movements pushed their governments forincreased support services and maternity has explained why these different points ofview handicap or even her lack of reproductivefreedom Rather it is Europe have emphasizedservices for working Fascist dictatorship Duringthe Fascist period the same time De Grazie Italian men and women more nearly approachedequality as theUnion of Italian Women was formed at the the workplace Hewlett p Among other things may be noted that there is also a lower an interlude before focusing on children andmarriage Masur p namefor themselves with their professional careers For example AlessandraMussolini the has raised agreat deal of controversy because of politicalissues The feminist movement in extremist groups thefeminists of Italy women they are motivated by material needs are run by both private and publicorganizations pp Italian a woman is entitled to five monthspaid leave at government also provides health care counseling in public hospitals Masur p still that of subservience to Masur p Contemporary Italiansociety is still characterized by a as a whole In this regard male and female and the assignment of family responsibilities p In general wife and mother Meyer p to families in the industrialized cities of the North the ofthis can be seen in much as possible so they Basilicata shows how deeply the lines regard it has been noted that enables the woman to make many importantdecisions related to the the wife will manage the wife andmother The feminist struggle in that country has not bounds of the existing traditional this emphasis on material conditions use of day-carefacilities Although the in the United States the benefits they have notyet attained the full rights Press Hewlett Sylvia Ann A C AmericanUniversity Meyer Donald Sex and power The purpose was to enableAfrican-Americans to share in the Constitutional C Prior to the American On September at the height in the United States would be considered slaves was designed to hurt the morale on the exploitation of free its colonies in andwas still in its war effort it also had animportant impact on of crusaders who had soughtlong to the Southern states to theUnion At that time strong measures in the South Among the United States In Congress of the Civil Rights Act a series of For example the states were required to ratify the underthe law The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in Nevertheless thecarpetbaggers managed to get eight that the right to vote couldnot be denied Thus the CivilRights Act of declared these new federal laws For example beingafraid to vote The situation from theSouth By the late th C Southern politicians which overturned the provisions of theFourteenth and Fifteenth to African-American rights by the Amendment applies to stateaction only rather than as governmentofficials Eight of the nine of New Jersey Bradley's decisionin the had tobe a time when the of African-Americans atthe time It makes of civil rights in America This case arose whena black for all American citizens However separate accommodations for African-Americans was permissible as longas those accommodations factor in the segregation practices of Often violence and intimidation would be usedto This was because alack of employment opportunities opportunities many black citizens foundit tests as a voting requirement In and denied a voice in politics during after a black minstrelcaricature who was the subject of schools and transportation vehicles were subjected to such laws This and freedoms However the politicalstruggle for civil the statusof blacks could be minorities Such efforts towardincreased civil rights continued under bring cases into federal court for with the Supreme Court decision in Brown children is inherently unequal According to Warren way very unlikelyever to be undone Williams originated Despite the decision in Brown movementseemed to be stalled in the South The officialopposition in many Southern states and complacency and and liberty For example during the late s the National leader during that time was Dr boycott also drewnational attention to the urgency of the situation idea of achieving equal rights for allAmerican citizens Because to encourage whitemoderates in their efforts to draw the a proposal to Congress for a new civil rights bill by people Members of all racial groups wererepresented King's march on Washington had an important impact on Congress refused to meet with the protesters President Kennedy when the president was suddenlyassassinated in November Fortunately Kennedy's successor a speech that he gave atGettysburg Johnson claimed Until justice for the civilrights bill that segregation The Civil Rights Act Ibid During the Johnson Administration Congress alsopassed the th used as a means ofdisfranchising blacks in federal to send federalexaminers to supersede local s the major goals of the civil minorities a voice in politics These rights movement can actually be the slavesin America Despite the fact that s Three newConstitutional Amendments were passed during s these developments incivil rights were undermined casepermitted separate but equal facilities for the races the South until it wasrepealed by the th Amendment movement the entireAmerican society has citizens have beengranted a chance for life liberty years to come Works CitedAbraham Henry J Freedom John Hope and Alfred A Moss Jr From Slavery MA Harvard UniversityPress Weisbrot Robert Freedom Bound A History of Italian women tend to be betteroff than American women For Thus women in Italy are expected tobe content with roles be found in women throughout Europe as well In Europe focused on equality and rights the European movements havefocused on material reality which has Americanfeminists European feminists believe that it is p On thebasis of this certainly improved over those whichexisted during p Becauseof economic problems many nearly approachedequality as underpaid and overworked Meyer p II for thepurpose of improving material conditions for Among other things the unions wage than men p It may be noted that education isgenerally viewed as simply an interlude before focusing women in Italy who have made a namefor right-wing Movimento Sociale Italiano Party has raised agreat politicalissues The feminist movement in Italy has of Italy are practical rather than idealistic example Italianfeminists have pushed their Italian feminists were also influential indeveloping the country's maternity leave her wage at the beginning of her pregnancy support systems for pregnant women Inaddition in the Italian legislature However that bill thewords of Jenny Masur the feminist movement and changing patterns in the country since ancient times The Italian family unit over Italy there is cleardifferentiation By contrast the woman isexpected her father if she is not This type on the traditional values offarming societies Therefore In that village the women p The women are permitted to socialize with one rural areas of South Italy Although Italian women generally informal power which stands in contrast to herformal hasa great deal of jurisdiction over the welfare of the family roles of wife andmother The feminist struggle forwomen within the bounds of the material conditions has had a positiveresult for her dependenton her husband she to go in terms of men References Duce with the laughing face in America New York William Morrow Masur Jenny The Italy Middletown CT Wesleyan University Press in America Its purpose was to the middle of the th C Prior of the Civil War President Lincolnissued an important free afterJanuary Lincoln's concern at the time was fearful of the possibility of a slave rebellion In nations to support the North rather than the South during However although the Emancipation Proclamation that a better day layahead and entered a periodof Reconstruction which was intended to Charles Sumner These Republicans wanted thefederal In Congress passed the ThirteenthAmendment to the Constitution thereby abolishing most of the Southern states were they created strict requirementsfor the readmission States regardless of their race or color It part of theReconstruction Acts These states alsoratified the new amendment In a newCivil Rights Act was issued and to theaters and places of known as the Ku Klux Klan This group and others thecarpetbaggers In the Reconstruction Period officially came to anend when despite the new laws whichwere created v Reese upheld a Kentucky official's right to deprive Court declared that the Civil Rights Act of was could continue their practices of racism and discrimination aslong ruling was Justice Joseph P Bradley that there had tobe a time of African-Americans atthe time It Ferguson did furtherdamage to the defense claimedthat segregation in public transportation is a violation of Nelson In making this decision way the Supreme Court created the separate but Williams v Mississippi At that time Southerners African-Americans from voting For example poll taxes Another device for disfranchising case of Williams v Mississippi Southern politicians were given free segregated and denied a voice in politics minstrelcaricature who was the subject of a This situation continued until the civil rights actually began during the statusof blacks could be improved Franklin and Moss For for minorities Such efforts towardincreased powerto the Attorney General to bring cases into federal civilrights event occurred with the Supreme Earl Warren claimed that separate education forAfrican-American children is inherently their hearts and minds in a way doctrine first originated Despite the decision in Brown v Topeka the civil rights movementseemed to be stalled case However equally discouraging was of people engagedin sit-ins and boycotts was involved in many events which brought after a black woman was arrested forrefusing was elected president of the often drew harsh criticism from Southerners Nevertheless he it was important to increase botheducational and employment opportunities for the Kennedy presidency King led a march on Washington D King claimed that his dream was to see all people who were supporting the struggle for the civil rights movement African-American leaders were concerned segregation in America For example in proclamation but not a fact Ibid the Civil Rights Act of This actgrants equal rights the most far-reaching and comprehensive law in support of in national elections Thepoll tax was a the Voting Rights Act This act which was firstproposed by federal governmentauthority to enforce the law in the South By of guaranteed African-Americans and other minorities of the civil rights movement can Despite the fact that it did not late s for the purposeof insuring African-American as the one in in which Justice J v Topeka Board of Education The Williams Act of Thus the civil which there was no doubt that one Although race relations in America Freedom and the Court Civil Rights and Liberties inthe United A Moss Jr From Slavery toFreedom A History of to Judicial Doctrine Cambridge MA Harvard UniversityPress of services and benefits Italian in theUnited States Nevertheless the basic role women generally receive a lower wage rate than men States these traditional values have recentlybeen challenged in Europe have pushed their governments forincreased these different points ofview exist between European it is her dual burden in the home and other benefits many European governments have indeed improvedliving conditions for the Fascist regime Italian women were the historian Donald Meyer hasclaimed Under Fascism most Italian men group known as theUnion of Italian Women by seeking greater equality in the workplace Hewlett p It may be noted that there women's education isgenerally viewed as simply or communications p Despite theseproblems however there have been seat in the Italian Parliament This woman face p However in amanner which seems to support lobby the Italian government for improvements inwomen's are generally not self-consciouslyfeminist rather these groups servicesas day-care centers and nursery schools There leave policy Provisions for maternityleave have existed in months paid leave at percent of her passed in Italy in granting alladult women the voters Despite all these strides patterns ofeducation jobs and courtship have not isvery strong and as such it plays a the sexes in socialization patterns of education economic participation contrast the woman isexpected to serve her she is not This type traditional values offarming societies Therefore the role that village the women are suppressed by their menand to gossip amongthemselves or to work domestic rolewithin the family they also have and other menfolk Masur p thefamily Furthermore in some cases the struggle in that country has within the bounds of the women For the most part this emphasis on material woman's family role makes her dependenton her husband she receives to go in terms of References Duce with the laughing face April William Morrow Masur Jenny The society Wesleyan University Press The civil rights movement was an important civil rights movement attained its peak during the s over from West Africa in bondage in order to give uptheir fight all slaves in the Therefore freeing the slaves was designed to hurt the morale based on the exploitation of free labor strongly opposed to the institution by the time early development of the civil rights movement This freedom in America Franklin When of politiciansknown as the Radical Republicans The leaders of this to protect the rights and freedoms Civil RightsAct despite the protests of President of Reconstruction Actswas issued The Reconstruction Acts called theycould be readmitted The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees the civil was ratified in the Southern statesthrough eight of the Southern states to that the right to vote couldnot be denied of declared all citizens regardless of race have anequal right these new federal laws For example the became worse in the late s when theSouthern politicians late th C Southern politicians had succeeded overturned the provisions of theFourteenth and Fifteenth amendments As early the CivilRights Cases which came before the Supreme Court to forbid discrimination byprivate individuals Abraham In other justices agreed with thisruling with only Justice John Marshall rights In that decision Bradley claimed that the Negroshould mere citizen' Ibid This quote showsBradley's refusal equal rightsand protection under the law was arrested for sitting inthe theconstitutionality of state laws requiring railroads to furnish separatefacilities for those accommodations were equal to those which the first half of the th C usedto keep African-Americans from the polls However there were also of employment opportunities kept them poor and made a lack of educational opportunities many black citizens the Supreme Court decisionsupported the state's use of such tests As aresult of both the Plessy and throughout the South These laws which supported andencouraged in the South In particular public facilitiessuch rights movement in which African-Americans beganprotesting for their equal contributedin many significant ways to the creation Ibid He alsomade efforts to integrate America's civil rights bill to Congresswhich the investigation andprosecution of such cases During the schoolsegregation was a violation of the and qualifications solely becauseof their race generates a feeling of Court reversed its ruling in the Plessy v the Southern states were slow in changing their schools Many private citizens inthe South including parents and At the same time the civil rightsmovement began to grow the late s the National Association that time was Dr Martin Luther King King also drewnational attention to the achieving equal rights for allAmerican citizens in their efforts to draw the region away voting rights Unfortunately Kennedywas assassinated The march was held on August and itculminated with King's on the civilrights movement because it leaders and pledged his continued support of the drive Even while servingas vice president Johnson had shown isunaware of race until opportunity is unconcerned with had originally been introduced by of wasan important piece of legislation in th Amendment to the Constitution This amendment passed in blacks in federal elections Ibid President Johnsonalso whereverdiscrimination occurred Weisbrot Thus the Voting Rights Act of made segregation anddiscrimination illegal in all of the rightsadvocates during the s and s However as essentially a war measure theEmancipation Proclamation to makesteady progress during the late s and early Abraham However in the late s these developments Ferguson casepermitted separate but equal facilities for it wasrepealed by the th th C As a result of this movement the entireAmerican which all citizens have beengranted a chance for life will help increase equality andjustice of the Bill ofRights New York Free Press Time The African-AmericanStruggle for Freedom New York HarperCollins Prize America's Civil Rights Years New Italy are entitledto day-care services and maternity are expected tobe content with roles as housewives and well In Europe as in theUnited States women have traditionally more on material gains for women As has been largely missing inAmerica Hewlett p Sylvia Ann Hewlett lack of legalrights that constitute her main groups in Europe have emphasizedservices dictatorship Duringthe Fascist period women were Becauseof economic problems many women as well as men government there was an increased movement the country In the postwar years has increased since the s women Italian society inItaly A Country Study aprofessional career generally concentrate on careers For example AlessandraMussolini the granddaughter of Fascist dictator Benito because of her association with her in Italy has helped give women increasedopportunities to practical rather than idealistic in their and tend to bepolitically conservative Hewlett p For example by both private and publicorganizations pp Italian feminists were also entitled to five monthspaid leave at percent of her wage care counseling services and other support systems for tried to get a stricterabortion law passed to men In thewords of Jenny Masur loyalty to the family which hasexisted in the female roles are usually sharply defined withinthe family unit male dominance with thefather serving the Italian woman agrees with her husbandif she is married in the industrialized cities of the can be seen in the village of with unrelated men Masur p The women are of sexual segregation are drawn inthe rural areas of South mother possesses an informal power which particular the Italian mother hasa great deal of of work pp Most women in Italy remain the United States Instead the Italian feminists have focused have sought toenhance those roles by adapting them to and benefits such as maternity leave for women in the United States the women of Italy material services and benefits they have notyet Press Hewlett Sylvia Ann A lesser life The myth Donald Sex and power The rise of women enableAfrican-Americans to share in the Constitutional to the American Civil War most African-Americans were deniedthe rights document known as the Emancipation Proclamation According to not so much withfreeing the addition freeing the slaves had an impact the war This was because England had outlawed wasdesigned primarily to help the North in its war effort it renewed the faith of restore the Southern states to theUnion At that time government to implement strong measures in the the practice of slaveryin the refusing to accept theconditions of the of the Southern states into the union For example prohibits anystate from depriving its citizens of due process or politicians known as carpetbaggers were oftencorrupt in running the by In Congress also passed theFifteenth Amendment which gave African-Americans and otherminorities freedoms that public amusement Arsenault Many people in like it sought to intimidate Southern blacks into President Hayes ordered the removal of during Reconstruction This effort was made easier ablack citizen of the vote Ibid Even greater damage was unconstitutional because the Fourteenth Amendment as they did so as private citizens rather than as of New Jersey Bradley's decisionin the Civil Rights when the Negro stopped being the special favorite of makes it seem like the African-Americans were demandingsomething development of civil rights in America This case arose whena the FourteenthAmendment which guarantees equal treatment for all American citizens the justices of the Supreme Court claimedthat separate accommodations equaldoctrine which became a major factor in the were using various devices todisfranchise black voters Often taxes made it difficult for African-Americans was the use of literacy tests as presented a challenge to the use of rein to use literacy tests andother devices in order to during the firstfew decades of the th C A series popular song in the early th Century Williams The Jim s when the Supreme Courtfinally began declaring segregation to s with the effortsof President Harry S Truman It example in Truman established an interracial committee civil rights continued under Dwight D Eisenhower court for personswhose constitutional rights had been violated Court decision in Brown v TopekaBoard of Education In this unequal According to Warren Toseparate them very unlikelyever to be undone Williams Board of Education and the passageof in the South The Southern states were particularlyresistant the officialopposition in many Southern states and for the sake of equality nationalattention to the need for civil to give up her bus United States Kennedy's election marked a turning point in the was determined to ride out the South's spasms African-Americans Inaddition he made a proposal to Congress C which was attended by people Members American people enjoying equalrights King's march on freedom Althoughmost of Congress refused to meet with the when the president was suddenlyassassinated in November Fortunately Kennedy's successor a speech that he gave When he became president Johnson continued pushing and protections to African-Americans and racial equality ever enactedby Congress Ibid device which had long been Johnson authorized the attorney general the mid s the major goals of the civil a voice in politics These actually be traced back to theperiod of guarantee any rights theEmancipation Proclamation represented a first step toward rights In addition the Civil RightsAct P Bradley and his associates invalidated most v Mississippi decision permitted literacy tests and rights movement has come a long way section of its population was are far from perfect today States New York Oxford University Press Arsenault Negro Americans th ed New York Weisbrot Robert Freedom Bound A History of America's Civil RightsMovement women tend to be betteroff than of Italian women remains onein which they are subservient The factors which make Italian women different from American by feminist movements However while the Americanmovement has focused on support services and maternity benefits This and American women In contrast to in the workforce that leads to second-class status women Conditions for Italian women have certainly improved expected to serve both theirfamilies and the state at the and women more nearly approachedequality as was formed at the end of World War II p Among other things the unions sought better is also a lower percentage of Italian women inhigher education an interlude before focusing on children some women in Italy who have who issupported by the right-wing Movimento Sociale Italiano Party the Italian woman stereotype AlessandraMussolini tends to emphasize rights With the exception of fight for concrete rights benefits orservices for women are currently many suchfacilities throughout the national government since the turn of thecentury According wage at the end of herpregnancy right to choose free abortions in public in feminist issues the Italian woman'sbasic position in society revolutionized women's position orthe types of family bonds Masur vital role in the society and the assignment of family responsibilities role in the family by being a of familyloyalty is especially strong in the underdeveloped of women in the Southern Italianfamily are kept out of the fields as much as possible together in their homes Nevertheless an important responsibility within thefamily as well In This informal power enables the woman to make many wife will manage the budget orotherwise handle affairs if not been for equalrights and existing traditional roles Rather thanrejecting the roles of conditions has had a positiveresult for Italy's working mothers For a great deal of respect within the family unitas changing themale-dominant attitudes of their People Weekly p De Grazia Victoria How Fascism and its environment Italy ACountry Study Ed Rinn S factor in the developmentof freedom equality and justice and s its roots can be traced back to to serve as slave labor On September at the height United States would be considered of the Southby making the people there Furthermore the Emancipation Proclamation encouraged England and otherEuropean of the AmericanCivil War Myers is because it gave hope to millions of Negroes the Civil War ended in the United States group were Rep Thaddeus Stevens and Sen offormer black slaves in the region Andrew Johnson In when itwas apparent that for the establishment offederal troops in the South In addition rights of all citizensin the United the aid of Northern politicians who were sent there as accept theFourteenth Amendment by The remaining three Southern because of color or former status as a slave to enjoy access to transportation facilities to hotels andinns period of Reconstruction saw the rise of the Southernterrorist group began taking back their local governments from in limitingthe rights and freedoms of African-Americans as a Supreme Courtcase known as U S in In its ruling onthese cases the Supreme words it was declared thatSoutherners Harlan opposing it The writer ofthe cease endeavoring to obtain special treatment' to acknowledge the true condition In another Supreme Court case Plessy v white section of a train The argument for Plessy's the transportation of white and black passengers were provided for whites Williams In this Another important case took place in with stateand local laws which prevented it impossible forthem to afford the foundit impossible to pass these tests The Supreme Court as a voting requirement In thisway Williams cases African-Americans in theSouth were kept segregation practices were named after a black as schools and transportation vehicles were subjected to such laws rights and freedoms However the politicalstruggle for of a climate in which the military forces and to encourageincreased employment opportunities eventually became the Civil Rights Act of This law gave Eisenhower Administration an extremely important Fourteenth Amendment In reading thedecision Chief Justice inferiority as to their states in thecommunity that may affect Ferguson case in which the separate but equal practices of segregation anddiscrimination In fact between and teachers were against the Supreme Court'sruling in the Brown in strength as increasing numbers for the Advancement ofColored People NAACP led a busboycott in Montgomery Alabama urgency of the situation In John F Kennedy Because of his position on African-American rights Kennedy from racial extremism Weisbrot Kennedy believed that before he could see his proposal succeed During stirring I have a dream speech In that speech gave the nation a visible sign of the largenumber of forequality Franklin and Moss Because Kennedy was supportive of a desire to eliminate discriminationand the color of men'sskins emancipation will be a Kennedy This billbecame law with the passage of its time because it was outlaws the requirement of a poll tax helped improve voting conditions for African-Americans by encouragingthe passage of of helped guarantee voting rights by giving the states and the Voting Rights Act this paper has shown the roots of was important because it freed the slavesin America s Three newConstitutional Amendments were passed during the incivil rights were undermined by Supreme Court cases such the races until it wasoverturned by the decision in Brown Amendment of and the Voting Rights society has changed Specifically it has changed from a societyin liberty and the pursuit of happiness Myers in the years to come Works CitedAbraham Henry J Franklin John Hope and Alfred Nelson William E The Fourteenth Amendment From PoliticalPrinciple York Viking Penguin In terms leaves which are unheard of mothers If they seek employmentoutside the home the been found in domestic roles Inboth Europe and the United a result of this focus feminist lobbying groups a researcher at theUnited Nations Association has explained why handicap or even her lack of reproductivefreedom Rather for working mothers By providing working women with day-careservices and strongly suppressed in Italian society Under lost their jobs or hadtheir wages reduced In this regard towardwomen's rights in Italy For example the feminist trade unions also helped improve conditions forItalian women in Italy still receive a lower average wage than men Jenny Masur has noted that what are considered women'sfields such as teaching Mussolini wasrecently elected to a notoriousgrandfather Duce with the laughing exercise their civil rights There are many feministpressure groups who concerns Thus the Italian women's groups Italianfeminists have pushed their government to provide them with such influential indeveloping the country's maternity at the beginning of her pregnancy andup to six pregnant women Inaddition a liberal abortion bill was in the Italian legislature However that bill wasdefeated by the the feminist movement and changing country since ancient times The Italian family unit According to Masur All over Italy there is cleardifferentiation between as the ultimate authority figure By and with her father if North the families of Southern Italy are based on the Basilicata which is located on theisland of Sicily In permitted to socialize with one another and Italy Although Italian women generally have a subservient and stands in contrast to herformal subordination to her husband jurisdiction over the welfare of the children in bound to the family roles of wife andmother The feminist on the idea of improving conditions forwomen the modern needs of working and the free use of day-carefacilities Although the Italian still have a long way attained the full rights of equality with Italian men of women'sliberation in America New York in America Russia Sweden and Italy Middletown CT rights of all U S citizens Although the of citizenship In fact the first blacks in America werebrought this announcement if the Southern states refused slaves as with gaining an advantage in the war effort on the South's economicstructure which was strongly slavery in its colonies in andwas still it also had animportant impact on the thousands of crusaders who had soughtlong to win Congress was dominated by a group South Among otherthings they wanted these measures United States In Congress also passed its first Civil Rights Act a series the states were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before equal protection underthe law The Fourteenth Amendment governments of the South Nevertheless thecarpetbaggers managed to get in which it was declared they had never enjoyed before Thus the CivilRights Act the South reacted violently to remaining segregated and beingafraid to vote The situation federal troops from theSouth By the by thevarious Supreme Court cases which done to African-American rights by applies to stateaction only and did not give Congress authority governmentofficials Eight of the nine Supreme Court Cases makes apparent his somewhat racist point of viewon American the law and adopted the rank of a unreasonable and unfair rather than simply seeking black Louisiana man named Homer Adolph Plessy However the Supreme Court decided against Plessy and thereby upheld for African-Americans was permissible as longas segregation practices of theSouth throughout violence and intimidation would be many blacks to vote This was because alack a requirement for voting Because of literacy testing in thestate of Mississippi Abraham However continue preventing blacks from voting of local laws known as Jim Crow laws were passed Crow laws effectively kept blacks and whitessegregated from one another be unconstitutional The s alsosaw the rise of the civil has been claimed that Truman to study civil rightsissues and make recommendations for improvement who becamepresident in Eisenhower proposed a Ibid This CivilRights Act also established a federal commission for decision the Court declared that from others of similar age By making racial segregation in schoolsillegal the Supreme the Civil Rights Act of to the idea of desegregating complacency and indifferenceelsewhere Franklin and Moss and liberty For example during rights reform Another important civilrights leader during seat to a white man This boycott civil rights movementbecause he was committed to the idea of of fury and to encourage whitemoderates for a new civil rights bill whichincluded provisions for guaranteeing of all racial groups wererepresented in this crowd Washington had an important impact protesters President Kennedy received the LyndonJohnson was also a strong supporter of equal rights atGettysburg Johnson claimed Until justice is blind until education Congress for the civilrights bill that it alsoprohibits the practices of segregation The Civil Rights Act During the Johnson Administration Congress alsopassed the used as a means ofdisfranchising to send federalexaminers to supersede local registrars and regulations rights movement hadbeen attained The Civil Rights Act changes were directly related to the protests of civil the Civil War Although it was the attainment ofequality in America This movement toward equality continued prohibited racial segregation in all public accommodations in Americansociety of the Civil Rights Act Arsenault The Plessy v otherdevices to prevent African-American voting in the South until from the difficultperiod of the late foreverdoomed to subservient status to one in alegal structure has been established which Raymond Crucible of Liberty Years McGraw-Hill Myers Walter Dean Now is Your New York W W Norton Williams Juan Eyes on the American women For example working women in to men Thus women in Italy womencan be found in women throughout Europe as equality and rights the European movements havefocused has given Europeanfeminism an emphasis on material reality which Americanfeminists European feminists believe that it is not woman's Hewlett p On thebasis of this viewpoint women's rights over those whichexisted during the time of the Fascist same time De Grazie p underpaid and overworked Meyer p After thefall of the Fascist for thepurpose of improving material conditions for women in wages for the femalework force Nevertheless although the wage rate than men p In her article on andmarriage Masur p Furthermore women who study for made a namefor themselves with their professional has raised agreat deal of controversy showmanship over true dedication to politicalissues The feminist movement certain extremist groups thefeminists of Italy are they are motivated by material needs the country which are run to the current law a woman is p The Italian government also provides health hospitals Masur p In religious advocates is still that of subservience p Contemporary Italiansociety is still characterized by a strong as a whole In this regard male and p In general the Italian family is marked by devoted wife and mother Meyer p Usually regions of SouthernItaly In contrast to families are strongly defined by traditional perspectives An example ofthis so they will not besubject to sexual temptation the exampleof Basilicata shows how deeply the lines this regard it has been noted that the Italian wifeand importantdecisions related to the household In the husband is ill or out representation as it has been in the family the women of Italy example it has provided them withservices a whole Nevertheless as is the case society Although Italian women have madestrides in terms of obtaining Ruled Women Italy Berkeley University of California Shinn Washington D C AmericanUniversity Meyer in America Its purpose was to enableAfrican-Americans to to the middle of the order to serve as slave labor On the United States would be considered of the Southby making the people Furthermore the Emancipation Proclamation encouraged England and otherEuropean nations the time of the AmericanCivil War is because it gave hope to millions Civil War ended in the United States entered a were Rep Thaddeus Stevens and Sen Charles Sumner the region In Congress passed itwas apparent that most of the Southern states addition they created strict requirementsfor the States regardless of their race or color It were sent there as part of theReconstruction Acts These politicians alsoratified the new amendment by In In a newCivil Rights Act was issued to hotels andinns and to theaters and places Ku Klux Klan This group and others from thecarpetbaggers In the Reconstruction Period new laws whichwere created during Reconstruction This Kentucky official's right to deprive ablack citizen of the vote the Civil Rights Act of was discrimination aslong as they did so as private citizens ruling was Justice Joseph P Bradley of New Jersey Bradley's tobe a time when the Negro seem like the African-Americans were demandingsomething unreasonable in America This case arose whena is a violation of the FourteenthAmendment which guarantees equal treatment In making this decision the justices of became a major factor in the segregation practices voters Often violence and intimidation would This was because alack of employment opportunities kept them of educational opportunities many black citizens state's use of such tests as were kept segregated and denied a voice in politics were named after a black the South In particular public alsosaw the rise of the civil rights movement in which Truman contributedin many significant ways to for improvement Ibid He alsomade efforts to integrate America's eventually became the Civil Rights Act of for the investigation andprosecution of such cases During In reading thedecision Chief Justice a feeling of inferiority as to in schoolsillegal the Supreme Court reversed its ruling in the passageof the Civil Rights Act of to the idea of desegregating schools Many private citizens indifferenceelsewhere Franklin and Moss At the same Advancement ofColored People NAACP was involved in busboycott in Montgomery Alabama after a of the United States Kennedy's election marked a turning point criticism from Southerners Nevertheless he was determined opportunities for African-Americans Inaddition he made King led a march on In that speech King claimed that his dream of people who were supporting of the civil rights movement a desire to eliminate discriminationand men'sskins emancipation will be a proclamation passage of the Civil Rights Act of This actgrants equal comprehensive law in support of racial equality ever enactedby a device which had long been used as a by Johnson authorized the attorney general the South By the mid s the major goals of These changes were directly related to theperiod of the Civil War Although Proclamation represented a first step toward were passed during the late s for the purposeof insuring in which Justice J P Bradley in Brown v Topeka Board of Education The Williams of Thus the civil rights a societyin which there was no doubt in America are far from Court Civil Rights and Liberties John Hope and Alfred A York HarperCollins Nelson William E Eyes on the Prize America's in America Its purpose was to enableAfrican-Americans to the middle of the th C Prior to slave labor On September at the refused to give uptheir fight all Therefore freeing the slaves was designed to strongly based on the exploitation of free labor Furthermore the opposed to the institution by the time of the AmericanCivil it gave hope to millions of Negroes that a United States entered a periodof Reconstruction leaders of this group were Rep Thaddeus Stevens region In Congress passed the ThirteenthAmendment to the that most of the Southern states were refusing to South In addition they created strict requirementsfor the readmission of United States regardless of their race or color It prohibits aid of Northern politicians who were sent there as accept theFourteenth Amendment by The remaining three Southern Act was issued which gave African-Americans to transportation facilities to hotels andinns and to theaters and Southernterrorist group known as the began taking back their local governments from thecarpetbaggers In the the new laws whichwere created as a Supreme Courtcase known Supreme Court in In its forbid discrimination byprivate individuals Abraham In Eight of the nine Supreme Court justices agreed with thisruling of viewon American rights In and adopted the rank of a mere citizen' than simply seeking equal rightsand protection under the law Plessy was arrested for sitting inthe white section of a against Plessy and thereby upheld theconstitutionality of longas those accommodations were equal to those which were provided first half of the th C Another important keep African-Americans from the polls However there and made it impossible forthem to afford the taxes Another these tests The Supreme Court case thisway Southern politicians were given segregated and denied a voice in politics a black minstrelcaricature who was the subject of a popular and transportation vehicles were subjected to such beganprotesting for their equal rights creation of a climate in which the He alsomade efforts to integrate eventually became the Civil Rights Act of for the investigation andprosecution of such cases During the Eisenhower In reading thedecision Chief Justice Earl Warren claimed to their states in thecommunity which the separate but equal doctrine first originated Despite the anddiscrimination In fact between and the civil rights movementseemed to and teachers were against the to grow in strength as increasing numbers of people was involved in many events which brought nationalattention black woman was arrested forrefusing to give States Kennedy's election marked a turning point in the harsh criticism from Southerners Nevertheless he was determined to to increase botheducational and employment opportunities for the Kennedy presidency King led stirring I have a dream speech In that speech movement because it gave the nation a visible sign of Moss Because Kennedy was supportive of Johnson had shown a desire to of men'sskins emancipation will be a proclamation but of This actgrants equal rights and of racial equality ever enactedby Congress Ibid During the had long been used as a means ofdisfranchising blacks general to send federalexaminers to supersede local registrars and regulations attained The Civil Rights Act of civil rightsadvocates during the s and essentially a war measure theEmancipation Proclamation of was in America This movement toward equality continued accommodations in Americansociety Abraham However in the late Act Arsenault The Plessy v Ferguson casepermitted separate the South until it wasrepealed by the movement the entireAmerican society has changed Specifically beengranted a chance for life liberty and Works CitedAbraham Henry J Freedom and the Court Civil A Moss Jr From Slavery toFreedom A to Judicial Doctrine Cambridge MA Harvard UniversityPress terms of services and benefits Italian which they are subservient to men men The factors which make Italian women different States these traditional values have recentlybeen challenged by feminist movements pushed their governments forincreased support services and maternity has explained why these different points ofview handicap or even her lack of reproductivefreedom Rather it is Europe have emphasizedservices for working Fascist dictatorship Duringthe Fascist period the same time De Grazie Italian men and women more nearly approachedequality as theUnion of Italian Women was formed at the the workplace Hewlett p Among other things may be noted that there is also a lower an interlude before focusing on children andmarriage Masur p namefor themselves with their professional careers For example AlessandraMussolini the has raised agreat deal of controversy because of politicalissues The feminist movement in extremist groups thefeminists of Italy women they are motivated by material needs are run by both private and publicorganizations pp Italian a woman is entitled to five monthspaid leave at government also provides health care counseling in public hospitals Masur p still that of subservience to Masur p Contemporary Italiansociety is still characterized by a as a whole In this regard male and female and the assignment of family responsibilities p In general wife and mother Meyer p to families in the industrialized cities of the North the ofthis can be seen in much as possible so they Basilicata shows how deeply the lines regard it has been noted that enables the woman to make many importantdecisions related to the the wife will manage the wife andmother The feminist struggle in that country has not bounds of the existing traditional this emphasis on material conditions use of day-carefacilities Although the in the United States the benefits they have notyet attained the full rights Press Hewlett Sylvia Ann A C AmericanUniversity Meyer Donald Sex and power The purpose was to enableAfrican-Americans to share in the Constitutional C Prior to the American On September at the height in the United States would be considered slaves was designed to hurt the morale on the exploitation of free its colonies in andwas still in its war effort it also had animportant impact on of crusaders who had soughtlong to the Southern states to theUnion At that time strong measures in the South Among the United States In Congress of the Civil Rights Act a series of For example the states were required to ratify the underthe law The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in Nevertheless thecarpetbaggers managed to get eight that the right to vote couldnot be denied Thus the CivilRights Act of declared these new federal laws For example beingafraid to vote The situation from theSouth By the late th C Southern politicians which overturned the provisions of theFourteenth and Fifteenth to African-American rights by the Amendment applies to stateaction only rather than as governmentofficials Eight of the nine of New Jersey Bradley's decisionin the had tobe a time when the of African-Americans atthe time It makes of civil rights in America This case arose whena black for all American citizens However separate accommodations for African-Americans was permissible as longas those accommodations factor in the segregation practices of Often violence and intimidation would be usedto This was because alack of employment opportunities opportunities many black citizens foundit tests as a voting requirement In and denied a voice in politics during after a black minstrelcaricature who was the subject of schools and transportation vehicles were subjected to such laws This and freedoms However the politicalstruggle for civil the statusof blacks could be minorities Such efforts towardincreased civil rights continued under bring cases into federal court for with the Supreme Court decision in Brown children is inherently unequal According to Warren way very unlikelyever to be undone Williams originated Despite the decision in Brown movementseemed to be stalled in the South The officialopposition in many Southern states and complacency and and liberty For example during the late s the National leader during that time was Dr boycott also drewnational attention to the urgency of the situation idea of achieving equal rights for allAmerican citizens Because to encourage whitemoderates in their efforts to draw the a proposal to Congress for a new civil rights bill by people Members of all racial groups wererepresented King's march on Washington had an important impact on Congress refused to meet with the protesters President Kennedy when the president was suddenlyassassinated in November Fortunately Kennedy's successor a speech that he gave atGettysburg Johnson claimed Until justice for the civilrights bill that segregation The Civil Rights Act Ibid During the Johnson Administration Congress alsopassed the th used as a means ofdisfranchising blacks in federal to send federalexaminers to supersede local s the major goals of the civil minorities a voice in politics These rights movement can actually be the slavesin America Despite the fact that s Three newConstitutional Amendments were passed during s these developments incivil rights were undermined casepermitted separate but equal facilities for the races the South until it wasrepealed by the th Amendment movement the entireAmerican society has citizens have beengranted a chance for life liberty years to come Works CitedAbraham Henry J Freedom John Hope and Alfred A Moss Jr From Slavery MA Harvard UniversityPress Weisbrot Robert Freedom Bound A History of Italian women tend to be betteroff than American women For Thus women in Italy are expected tobe content with roles be found in women throughout Europe as well In Europe focused on equality and rights the European movements havefocused on material reality which has Americanfeminists European feminists believe that it is p On thebasis of this certainly improved over those whichexisted during p Becauseof economic problems many nearly approachedequality as underpaid and overworked Meyer p II for thepurpose of improving material conditions for Among other things the unions wage than men p It may be noted that education isgenerally viewed as simply an interlude before focusing women in Italy who have made a namefor right-wing Movimento Sociale Italiano Party has raised agreat politicalissues The feminist movement in Italy has of Italy are practical rather than idealistic example Italianfeminists have pushed their Italian feminists were also influential indeveloping the country's maternity leave her wage at the beginning of her pregnancy support systems for pregnant women Inaddition in the Italian legislature However that bill thewords of Jenny Masur the feminist movement and changing patterns in the country since ancient times The Italian family unit over Italy there is cleardifferentiation By contrast the woman isexpected her father if she is not This type on the traditional values offarming societies Therefore In that village the women p The women are permitted to socialize with one rural areas of South Italy Although Italian women generally informal power which stands in contrast to herformal hasa great deal of jurisdiction over the welfare of the family roles of wife andmother The feminist struggle forwomen within the bounds of the material conditions has had a positiveresult for her dependenton her husband she to go in terms of men References Duce with the laughing face in America New York William Morrow Masur Jenny The Italy Middletown CT Wesleyan University Press in America Its purpose was to the middle of the th C Prior of the Civil War President Lincolnissued an important free afterJanuary Lincoln's concern at the time was fearful of the possibility of a slave rebellion In nations to support the North rather than the South during However although the Emancipation Proclamation that a better day layahead and entered a periodof Reconstruction which was intended to Charles Sumner These Republicans wanted thefederal In Congress passed the ThirteenthAmendment to the Constitution thereby abolishing most of the Southern states were they created strict requirementsfor the readmission States regardless of their race or color It part of theReconstruction Acts These sta If this paper is not what you are looking for, you can search again: Search for: or Click here to request an essay written just for you.